last minute study anatomy

the zona glomerulosa releases

aldosterone

the zona fasasiculata releases

cortisol

the zona reticularis secretes

androgens

the adrenal medulla secretes

nor/epinephrine

albumins are..

the most abundant plasma protein

the lighter the color of blood..

the more rich in oxygen it is

peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies can sense..

O2, Co2, pH

central chemoreceptors In the medulla can sense..

O2. pH

Central chemoreceptors in the brain can only detect levels of H+ This is because..

When Co2 crosses the blood brain barrier, it forms H+, which lowers the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid

This in turn signals to the brain that pH needs to be raised

an increase in H+ makes something..

more acidic

Hyperventilation

When too much Co2 has been lost from the body, and H+ rises

blood becomes acidic

Hypoventilation

When too much Co2 builds up in the body, and H+ decreases

blood becomes basic

B-lymphocytes..

becomes plasma cells

and create antibodies

T-lymphocytes

‘helper t cells’

coordinate the immune response

Co2 binds to..

globin in RBCs

Coagulation

the clumping of blood due to clotting factors

Neutrophils primarily fight..

bacterial infections

Dendritic cells

APCs that project antigens for B-cells

B-cells show antigen to T-cells, helping them

Stages of hemostasis

vascular spasm , platelet plug , coagulation

plasmin..

degrades fibrin

short term regulation of BP - neutral control

baroreceptors in carotid sinus and aorta sense stretch

long term regulation of BP - hormonal control

Aldosterone

ADH

ANP

Lymphatic vessels in order of largest to smallest

ducts, trunks, vessels, capillaries

Primary lymphatic organs

Thymus, Red bone marrow

In the thymus T-Lymphocytes mature…

It its cortex lie immature T-Lymphocytes, and as you reach the medulla they mature.

Protozoans are..

eukaryotic cells without a cell wall.

Fungi are..

eukaryotic cells with a cell wall.

Cytokines are small proteins that..

regulate immune activity

Interleukins..

Interferons…

regulate immune cells

are antiviral and pro-inflammatory

Opsonization of a cell..

increases the likelyhood of it being phagocytized

Cytolysis includes..

complement proteins for Membrane Attach Complex, which creates holes to cause lysis in foreign cells

Immune complexes with antibodies and foreign antigens are destroyed in..

the liver and spleen

The respiratory zone begins at the..

respiratory bronchioles..

and continues to the alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and the alveoli

Parietal cells secrete..

HCl

Cheif cells secrete.,

Pepsinogen

HCl converts pepsinogen into..

Pepsin. Pepsin breaks down proteins

G cells in the stomach secrete..

hormones/paracrine messangers

Type I alveolar cells function..

gas exchange

Type II alveolar cells function..

secreting surfactant

The pleural cavity of the lungs..

creates a pressure gradient. intrapleural fluid has a small layer to create the pressure.

If pressure inside the lungs is less than atmospheric pressure..

air moves into our lungs

If pressure inside the lungs is greater than atmospheric pressure..

air moves out of the lungs

Intrapulmonary pressure

the pressure inside of the lungs

The DRG integrates peripheral signals and signals the..

VRG, which generates a rhythm for breathing based on those signals.

PRG fine tunes breathing rhythm

Storage reflex of urine is controlled by..

The SNS

Micturation reflex of urine is controlled by..

The PSNS

LH hormone signals..

Interstitial cells to produce testosterone

FSH hormone signals..

sustentacular cells to protect developing sperm

Excitement in the male reproductive phase is caused by the

PSNS

Emmision and expulsion in the male reproductive system is caused by the..

SNS

High LH levels induce..

ovulation

a drop in progesterone induces..

a menstrual period

estrogen levels peak..

just before ovulation