HOSA Patho: Disease Process and Terminology

Disease Process and Terminology: 12%

Atrophy

is the decrease in size or wasting away of a tissue or organ due to a reduction in cell size or number. This can occur as a result of disuse, diminished blood supply, inadequate nutrition, or aging.

Hypertrophy

is the increase in size of a tissue or organ due to an increase in the size of its cells. This often occurs as an adaptive response to increased workload or stress on the tissue.

Hyperplasia

is the increase in the number of cells within a tissue or organ, often resulting in its enlargement. This process can occur in response to increased demand or stimulation, such as hormonal changes or injury.

Metaplasia

is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another. This process often occurs in response to chronic irritation or injury and can be a precursor to dysplasia. It involves a change in cell type due to environmental factors, often seen in epithelial tissues.

Examples of metaplasia

Barret’s esophagus: GERD (gastro-eso[hageal reflux disease), acid is constantly making contact with the esophagus, so the previously squamous epithelium is replaced by columnar epithelium, which is more resistant to acid. Other examples include respiratory epithelium changes in smokers.

Dysplasia

is the abnormal growth or development of cells, tissues, or organs. It is characterized by a loss of uniformity and architectural organization, often considered a precancerous condition. Abnormal appearance of cells.

Carcinoma

Cancer originating in epithelial cells.

Examples of carcinomas

adenocarcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma

Adenocarcinoma

Typically found in glandular tissues, such as the breast and prostate.

Squamous cell carcinoma

originates from squamous epithelial cells, commonly seen in the skin, lungs, and cervix.

Basal cell carcinoma

a form of skin cancer that originates from basal cells in the dermis.

Test to identify basal cell carcinoma + what would it reveal

skin biopsy. The test would reveal abnormal cells that are characteristic of basal cell carcinoma. They would present with enlarged nuclei, irrregular shapes, disorganized growth patterns. These cells invade surrounding tissues, FORMATION OF NODULAR LESIONS or ULCERATIONS on the skin.

Renal cell carcinoma

a type of kidney cancer that begins in the lining of the kidney tubules

Carcinoma causing agents

chemical carcinogens, radiation, infectious agents, and hormonal factors.

CCA: Chemical carginogens

• Tobacco smoke

• Benzene

(Both can damage DNA and lead to cancer)

CCA: Radiation

exposure to UV radiation from the sun or ionizing radiation that can cause cellular mutations.

• Basal cell carcinoma (most common type of skin cancer) —> caused by ultraviolet radiation (UV radiation)

CCA: infectious agents

• Human papillomavirus (HPV) or hepatitis B virus (HBV) can trigger cancer development.

How can HPV and HBv trigger cancer development

These viruses contain proteins that health cancer-preventative proteins.

—> these viruses have E6—a virus protein— which binds to the host cells’ p53 protein—suppresses tumor growth/health cell growth/trigger apoptosis

—> these viruses also have E7—a virus protein—which binds to the host cells’ Rb/retinoblastoma protein. This protein acts as a “brake” for cell growth.

CCA: hormonal factors

hormonal imbalances.prolonged exposure to certain hormones may contribute to carcinoma development.

ex.

Estrogen —> could lead to breast cancer/ovarian cancer. It promotes uncontrolled cell division.tumor progression.

Sarcoma

cancer originating in the bones, muscles, or connective tissues.

Examples of sarcomas

osteosarcoma (most common type of primary bone cancer), eqing sarcoma, chrondrosarcoma

Homeostasis

the steady, balanced state of the body’;s internal environment

Pathophysiology

the study of functional and biochemical changes in the body that result from disease or injury.

Etiology

the study of the proposed case or causes of a particular disease process

idopathic

unknown cause. A disease or condition that arises spontaneously or for which the cause is unknown.

Pathogenesis

the development of disease. The step-by-step biological development and progression of a disease.

Acute

Brief/short onset (usually less than 6 months)

Chronic

persists for more than 6 months.

Ischemia

An obstruction or lack of blood flow to a tissue, which can lead to an infarction (tissue death/necrosis causes by an obstruction in blood flow)

Asymptomatic

not presenting with any symptoms/signs

Symptom

subjective and are typically felt/experienced by the patient, rather than visually seen.

Sign

objective, visually evident piece of evidence that characterizes the state of a patient.

Exacerbation

a period when the symptoms of a disease become worse or more severe

Remission

A temporay or permanent period when the symptoms of a chronic disease subside

Hematocrit (Hct)

the percentage of blood volume occupied bu red blood cells.

Erythrocyte sedimentation Rate (ESR)

a blood test that detects inflammatory activity in the body

necrosis

cellular death (pathologic manner(

apoptosis

programmed cell death

Iatrogenic

adverse condition(s) that results from medical treatment or a medical procedure

Noscomical

An infection acquired during a hospital or health care facility stay

Anaphylaactic shock

a severe allergic reaction

Cardiogenic shock

heart failure

Hypovolemic shock

blood/fluid loss

Neurogenic shock

nervous system failure

TNM classification

Tumor size, node involvement, and metastasis

Diapedesis

White Blood Cells move through capillary walls

chemotaxis

directed movement of cells in response to a chemical stimulus. It is a vital mechanism in the body’s immune response and inflammatory process. ex. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome/Acute Bacterial Pneumoni.

explanation: when cells become damaged, they release chemokines, which signal to WBC to arrive at the site of damage immediately.

Paplioma

Benign, wart-like growth

Transitional cell carcinoma

a transitional carcinoma —> (epithelial tumor) that arises from the urothelium/transitional epithelial layer of the urinary tract.

Prevalence

Rate of new cases of a disease in a particular population (over time)

Percentage of population affected by a disease at a particular time

pandemic/endemic/epidemic

pandemic

worldwide epidemic

epidemic

unsually high disease prevalence in a geographical region

endemic

a disease that is constantly and steadily present within a specific geographical causregion

etiology

cause of disease

contaigious

communicable

direct or indirect from reservoir to human

horizontal transmission

Fomites

inanimate objects contaminated with pathogens, that become vehicles for indirect contact transmission

Vertical transmission

mother to newborn

Parenteral

not through the mouth or the rectum

most used dietary supplement

ginkgo biloba (brain health, memory, blood circulation, lessen anxiety)

Acupuncture

needles on meridians to adjust chi

Acupressure

acupoints with finger pressure instead of needles

Shiastu

Japanese acupressure message therapy.

Reiki

healing energy transfer

Agglutiantion tests

tests to detect bacteria/bacterial infections by clumping with specific antigens. This is also used for blood typing.

Enzyme immunoassay

laboratory diagnostic test used to detect specific antigens (pathogens, for example). Indicated/measure in color change.

Western bolt (steps)

detects the antigen by introducing antibodies into the tissue samples.

1) electrophoresis (separate proteins by size)

2) transfer proteins to membranes

3) blocking (prevent non-specific bonding)

4) antibody incubation (primary/secondary antibodies bind to targets)

5) detection/analysis

Flow cytometry

identifies and counst cells with a particular antigen (ex. FACS for HIV measures)

term for genetic diseases from several abnormal genes

polygenic diseases

Autosomal

on a non-sex chromosome

x-linked

only on the x-xhromsome, so men are more likely to display

Acute inflammation

vasodilation, increased blood flow, increased capillary permeability, chemotaxis, and irritation of nerve endings

increase in capillary permeability inflammation

leads to edema and pain, and permits phagocytic chemical through the contained chemicals (chemotaxis —> phagocytosis) .

Leads to clot and fibrin mesh to wall of the area.

Cardinal signs of a local infection

fever, pus, enlarged lymph glands, red streaks, redness, swelling, heat, pain

Cardinal signs of a widespread infection

fever, headache, body ache, weakness, fatigue, delirium

two mechanism disease-causing organism use to cause disease

invasion/local destruction of living tissue

intoxication/production of poisonious substances

terms for pain from overuse of the musculoskeletal system

dull and aching

words to describe pain along a nerve route

burning (peripheral nerve insult)

words that describe abdominal visceral pain

cramping

head pain/pain felt along a blood vessel

throbbing

2 pain rating systems

Painometer, Wong-Baker FACES (helps children assess the extent of the pain they are in)— by Dana Wong and Connie Baker

How do pain impulses travel?

travel from the nerve ending, through the spinal cord, to the thalamus, then the sensory cortex in the parietal lobe

why does organ pain end up referred?

sensory nerves converge on the same neural pathways of the spinal cord, resulting in the brain to misinterpret the sender of the signal (the brain also does not receive signal from the internal organs often, so it instead interprets it as coming from more familiar tissues (skin, muscle etc).

how does referred pain work?

the sensory nerves that receive the pain signals converge with the peripheral nerves from the spinal cord, which leads to the brain misinterpreting the signals, resulting in pain in one body part (internal organ) to be felt in a completely other body part

Analgescis

pain relievers

Asymptomatic

Patients who do not exhibit any symptoms

Auscultation

listening to organ sounds for traits

ischemia

inadequate blood flow to a tissue/organ/area of the body

Chromosomal diagram.photographs of all chromosomes

karyotype

necrosis (2)

premature tissue death

cancer cells carried by blood or lymphatics to other locations

metastatic/circulating tumor cells