[AMOPERATIONS] L2 | RUNWAY DESIGN

RUNWAY

AREA ON AN AIRPORT PREPARED FOR THE LANDING AND TAKEOFF OF AIRCRAFT. IT IS ONE OF THE MOST CRITICAL COMPONENTS OF AN AIRFIELD AND IS SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED TO HANDLE THE STRESSES OF AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS

LANDING DISTANCE AVAILABLE (LDA)

THE DISTANCE FROM THE POINT WHERE AN AIRPLANE CAN

COMMENCE ITS LANDING TO THE POINT WHERE THE

SURFACE IS INCAPABLE OF BEARING THE MASS OF THE

AIRCRAFT UNDER NORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS.

TAKE-OFF RUN AVAILABLE (TORA)

THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE POINT AT WHICH AN AIRPLANE CAN COMMENCE THE TAKE-OFF RUN TO THE NEAREST POINT IN THE DIRECTION OF TAKE-OFF AT WHICH THE SURFACE CAN BEAR THE MASS OF THE AIRPLANE UNDER NORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS

ACCELERATE-STOP DISTANCE AVAILABLE (ASDA)

THE DISTANCE FROM THE START OF THE TAKE-OFF RUN TO THE NEAREST POINT IN THE DIRECTION OF TAKE-OFF AT WHICH THE AIRCRAFT CANNOT ROLL OVER THE SURFACE AND BE BROUGHT TO REST IN AN EMERGENCY WITHOUT RISK OF ACCIDENT.

EDA (EMERGENCY DISTANCE AVAILABLE)

ACCELERATE-STOP DISTANCE AVAILABLE (ASDA) USED TO BE CALLED ________________. USUALLY ASDA CONSISTS OF TORA PLUS THE STOPWAY IF AVAILABLE

TAKE-OFF DISTANCE AVAILABLE (TODA)

THE DISTANCE FROM THE START OF TORA TO THE NEAREST OBSTACLE IN THE DIRECTION OF TAKE-OFF PROJECTING ABOVE THE SURFACE AND CAPABLE OF AFFECTING THE SAFETY OF AN AIRPLANE IN FLIGHT. USUALLY IS TORA PLUS CLEARWAY IF A CLEARWAY EXISTS

CLEARWAY

THIS IS A DEFINED RECTANGULAR AREA ON THE GROUND UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE APPROPRIATE AUTHORITY, SELECTED OR PREPARED AS A SUITABLE AREA OVER WHICH AN AIRPLANE MAY MAKE A PORTION OF ITS INITIAL CLIMB TO A SPECIFIED HEIGHT. THE ORIGIN OF THIS SHOULD BE AT THE END OF THE TAKE-OFF RUN AVAILABLE (TORA)

STOPWAY

IS A DEFINED RECTANGULAR AREA ON THE GROUND AT THE END OF THE TAKE-OFF RUN AVAILABLE (TORA), PREPARED AS A SUITABLE AREA IN WHICH AN AIRCRAFT CAN BE STOPPED IN THE CASE OF AN ABANDONED/REJECTED TAKE-OFF. IT IS TO HAVE THE SAME WIDTH AS THE RUNWAY WITH WHICH IT IS ASSOCIATED

BLAST PAD

ALSO KNOWN AS OVERRUN AREAS OR STOPWAYS. THESE ARE OFTEN CONSTRUCTED JUST BEFORE THE START OF A RUNWAY WHERE JET BLAST PRODUCED BY LARGE PLANES DURING THE TAKE OFF ROLL COULD OTHERWISE ERODE THE GROUND AND EVENTUALLY DAMAGE THE RUNWAY.

• PAVED - CONCRETE, ASPHALT

• UNPAVED - GRASS, DIRT, MACADAM

TYPES OF RUNWAY (BY MATERIAL)

Single Runways

Parallel Runways

Intersecting Runways

Open-V Runways

RUNWAY CONFIGURATION (4)

SINGLE RUNWAY

ONE RUNWAY FOR ALL ARRIVALS AND DEPARTURES

PARALLEL RUNWAYS

ALLOWS SIMULTANEOUS TAKEOFFS AND LANDINGS. TWO, THREE, AND FOUR PARALLEL RUNWAYS ARE COMMON. THE SPACING BETWEEN THIS VARIES WIDELY

INTERSECTING RUNWAYS

MANY AIRPORTS HAVE TWO OR MORE RUNWAYS IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS CROSSING EACH OTHER. THESE ARE NECESSARY WHEN RELATIVELY STRONG WINDS OCCUR FROM MORE THAN ONE DIRECTION, RESULTING IN EXCESSIVE CROSSWINDS WHEN ONLY ONE RUNWAY IS PROVIDED.

INTERSECTING RUNWAYS

IN THIS RUNWAY, WHEN THE WINDS ARE STRONG, ONLY ONE RUNWAY OF A PAIR OF __________ CAN BE USED, REDUCING THE CAPACITY OF THE AIRFIELD SUBSTANTIALLY. IF THE WINDS ARE RELATIVELY LIGHT, BOTH RUNWAYS CAN BE USED SIMULTANEOUSLY

OPEN-V RUNWAYS

RUNWAYS IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS WHICH DO NOT INTERSECT ARE REFERRED TO AS THIS. LIKE INTERSECTING RUNWAYS, THIS RUNWAY REVERT TO A SINGLE RUNWAY WHEN WINDS ARE STRONG FROM ONE DIRECTION. WHEN THE WINDS ARE LIGHT, BOTH RUNWAYS MAY BE USED SIMULTANEOUSLY