WC II Final

western roman empire fell (date)

476

battle of hastings (date)

1066

first crusade begins (date)

1096

magna carta signed (date)

1215

black death reaches europe (date)

1347

Constantinople falls (date)

1453

printing press invented (date)

1440-1450

Luther posts 95 Theses (date)

1517

Henry VIII breaks w Rome (date)

1534

Council of Trent begins (date)

1545

causes and effects of fall of roman empire

CAUSES- sacked by the Visigoths, Ostrogoths, and Vandals; political instability

EFFECTS- led way to feudalism; rise of catholic church;

Germanic Tribes

VISIGOTHS: took over Spain, sacked Rome

OSTROGOTHS: took over Italy, sacked Rome

• Goths from Baltic Sea

FRANKS: confederacy of Germanic tribes that settled along Rhine in 3rd C.E.

VANDALS: crossed Rhine into Gaul and into Spain, sacked rome

Rise of Islam (Muhammad and Spread of Faith)

Muhammad

• born in Mecca to a powerful merchant fam

• believed he received visions from Allah

• married a wealthy widow named Khadija which elevated his social status

• Hijra/Hegira: Muhammad fled from Mecca to Medina

Spread of Faith

• military conquest

• trade

• missionary work

Feudalism and Manorialism

Feudalism: local pop. turned to powerful lords for protection in exchange for service

Manorialism: economic system centered around self sufficient manors

Vassal

man who served a lord in a military capacity

Fief

grant of land/income given in return for service

lord

powerful noble who owned land and granted fiefs to vassals

serf

peasant legally tied to lords land

Viking Age (Vikings; Danelaw; Norse Expansion; impact on England)

Vikings: seafaring people from Scandinavia

Danelaw: area Danish Vikings inhabited, treaty b/t Vikings and Anglo-Saxons

Norse Expansion: spread to Norway, Sweden, and Denmark to explore, settle, and trade

impact on England: created instability through raids, influenced language, est. trades centered and farming communities, strengthened feudalism

Catholic Church (role, pwr, corruption concerns)

provided a system of shared beliefs and teachings that created unity

owned a lot of the land and collected taxes

corruption: corrupt officials, indulgences, hypocrisy, manipulated people bc of low literacy rates

Avignon Papacy vs Great Schism

Great Schism: 3 popes at once

Avignon Papacy: 1 pope (Clement V) moved to France to rule

Battle of Hastings and the Norman Conquest

1066

Duke William of Normandy claims the English throne

Battle of Hastings→William becomes William the Conqueror and King of England

Norman Conquest caused a stronger, more centralized monarchy

Magna Carta

1215

signed by King John

key guarantees: no taxation w/o representation, right to jury trial, king must obey law, protects feudal rights

Lex Rex

Lex Rex

“the law is king”

no one is above the law, king must obey law

Common Law

built from decisions of royal judges

applies to all of England— not customary/local laws

becomes foundation of legal systems in England, US, other English speaking countries

Parliament (origin; purpose; rep gov developed)

origin: documents like the Magna Carta

purpose: advise king, help make laws

development of representative gov: allowed diff groups of people to have a voice in gov decisions

Crusades (overview; 1st Crusade; templars; outcomes)

overview: started by Pope Urban II; called the “peoples crusades”, encouraged everyone bc Turks had control of Holy Lands

1st Crusade: Christians wanted to recapture the Holy Land from Muslim control

Templars: powerful Catholic military order founded in midst of 1st Crusade

outcomes: rise of centralized monarchies

100 Years War (causes; Joan of Arc; outcomes)

causes: controversy of succession of French crown, French lands belonging to English king, conflict over Flanders, struggle over Nationalism

Joan of Arc: young French peasant woman, restored French confidence and momentum

outcomes:

• effects of France- strong sense of national identity, king used unity to rebuild royal power, strengthened monarchy under Louis XI

• effects on England- led to internal conflict, War of Roses, rise of Tudor Dynasty

Black Death (causes of spread; social effects, economic effects)

causes of spread: fleas on black rats, crowded medieval cities, poor sanitation

social effects: mobility increases— more people move for work, decline of strict feudal ties, art becomes more death focused, lays groundwork for later Renaissance questioning

economic effects: people were able to demand higher wages, nobles weakened economically, rise of wealthy merchants

wergeld

money paid in prison to avoid blood feuds

accolade

ceremony of knighting a knight

common law

standardization of law

Hansa League

medieval commercial and defensive network for merchant guilts and market towns that dominated across Northern Europe from the 13th-17th centuries

from northern germany

iconoclasm

destroyed religious items/icons/images

diff b/t middle ages & renaissance

middle ages: religious devotion, church power

renaissance: secularism, humanism, individualism

italian renaissance (Florence, Medici family)

Florence: became powerful bc of trade w the rest of Europe, strong banking system, skilled merchants and artisans, wealthy middle class

Medici family: most powerful fam in Florence and basically controlled it; made fortune through baking; Medici were patrons of the arts

Lorenzo de’ Medici

“Lorenzo the Maginificent”

supported artists, thinkers, and writers

Erasmus

believed in moral goodness, peace, and education

emphasized christian humanism

reason, learning, reform

valued free will

criticized society gently but effectively

Thomas More

“Renaissance Man” of London

wrote Utopia

conflict w Henry VIII over his annulment of marriage w Catherine of Aragon

renaissance education

education focused on humanism, philosophy, classical languages, and humanities

role of printing press

allowed ideas to spread fast and cheap, literacy rate increased, anyone/everyone was able to read what was printed, people began to realize church corruption

Copernicus

born in Poland, studied math and astronomy, relied heavily on predecessors for observational data

Heliocentric theory (sun-centered universe)

On The Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres

work initiated Copernican Revolution, laying groundwork for modern astronomy, scientific thinking, later figs like Kepler, Galileo, and Newton

Galileo

italian astronomer, physicist, polymath, and engineer

built one of the first telescopes

early scientific thinking

fused art and anatomy

france and the renaissance

Francis I was Leonardo da Vinci’s biggest patron

The Prince by Machiavelli

better to be feared then loved

written for Medici’s

state of catholic church b4 reformation

most powerful institution in Europe, ruled politics

Martin Luther (95 Theses; Diet of Worms; “sola fide”; “sola scriptoria”

95 Theses: list of complaints against church/calling out their corruption

Diet of Worms: Luther refused to take back his complaints

“sola fide”: “by faith alone”, saved by faith alone— not good deeds

“sola scriptoria”: “by scripture alone”, Bible is the ultimate authority

Zwingli and Calvin (main theological idea; church and state relationship; legacy/influence

Zwingli: swiss reformer

• main theological idea: salvation comes through faith alone

• church and state relationship: separation

• legacy/influence: branching off denominations

Calvin: french reformer

• main theological idea: predestination

• church and state relationship: made Church the state

• legacy/influence: big part of capitolism

anabaptists

persecuted by both catholics and protestants bc they rejected state authority completely

Catholic (counter) Reformation (Council of Trent; the Jesuits)

Council of Trent: reform Catholic beliefs and teachings

Jesuits: founded by Loyola, largest Catholic order of priests

indulgence

money paid to church to decrease time in purgatory

heresy

belief contrary to church

predestination

whether you go to heaven/hell is determined at birth

theocracy

gov ruled by religious leaders

Henry VIII (wives; Act of Supremacy; Reformation Parliament)

wives:

• Catherine of Aragon (divorced)

• Anne Boleyn (beheaded)

• Jane Seymour (died)

• Anne of Cleves (divorced)

• Catherine Howard (beheaded)

• Catherine Parr (survived)

Act of Supremacy: declared Henry “the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England”

Reformation Parliament: Act of Restraint of Appeals, Act of Supremacy, Treason Act

Edward VI and Mary I

Edward was Protestant

Mary was Catholic

Elizabeth I (Elizabethan Settlement; Spanish Armada)

Elizabethan Settlement: basically “i don’t care about your personal relationship w God, just come to church”

Spanish Armada: Spain to infiltrate England; English won bc of sea dogs, new tech/weapons, weather, setting ships on fire

Mary Queen of Scots

staunch catholic

gets locked in tower of London for 19 years

Babington Plot: plot to assassinate Elizabeth (failed)

Anne Boleyn

protestant

mother of Elizabeth I

absolutism

politcal system and historical doctrine i/w a single ruler of dictator holds total, unrestrained pwr over a gov and its people

Divine Right of Kings

political and religious doctrine asserting that a monarch’s authority to rule comes from God rather than from the people, aristocracy, or church

Edict of Nantes

Huguenots granted right to practice faith privately anywhere in France

Ended religious wars in France

Philip II of Spain

started Spanish Armada

Scientific Revolution

Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton believed and defined a heliocentric universe

went against church bc church said universe was geocentric