309 exam 2 Yay

trial and error learning

Learning through repeated attempts where behaviors that lead to success are strengthened and those that fail are weakened.

time out

A form of punishment where access to reinforcement is removed for a period of time.

reinforcer

Any stimulus that increases the likelihood a behavior will occur again.

learning vs performance

Learning is acquiring knowledge; performance is the demonstration of that knowledge.

Law of Effect

Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated.

flooding

Exposure to a feared stimulus at full intensity to reduce anxiety through extinction.

shaping

Reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior.

negative reinforcement

Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior.

response chains

A sequence of behaviors where each response serves as a cue for the next.

extinction

The weakening of a behavior when reinforcement is no longer provided.

backward chaining

Teaching the last step of a behavior chain first and working backward.

omission training

Reinforcing the absence of an unwanted behavior.

partial reinforcement effect

Behavior reinforced intermittently is more resistant to extinction.

punishment

A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior.

continuous reinforcement

Reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs.

escape training

Learning to perform a behavior to stop an ongoing unpleasant stimulus.

fixed ratio schedule

Reinforcement after a set number of responses.

avoidance response

Behavior performed to prevent an unpleasant stimulus before it occurs.

variable ratio schedule

Reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses.

avoidance paradox

Avoidance behaviors persist even without experiencing the aversive event.

fixed interval schedule

Reinforcement for the first response after a set time period.

two

factor theory of avoidance

variable interval schedule

Reinforcement for the first response after varying time intervals.

one

factor theory of avoidance

superstitious behavior

Behavior that occurs when reinforcement is accidentally paired with an unrelated action.

cognitive theory of avoidance

Avoidance occurs because individuals expect that their behavior will prevent harm.

DRL schedules

Reinforcement given only if responses occur at a low rate.

response blocking

Preventing a behavior from occurring to reduce its frequency.

DRH schedules

Reinforcement given only if responses occur at a high rate.

negative punishment

Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior.

concurrent schedules

Two or more reinforcement schedules available at the same time.

learned helplessness

Failure to act due to repeated exposure to uncontrollable events.

behavioral momentum

Persistence of behavior under disruption due to a history of reinforcement.

internal and external locus of control

Belief that outcomes are controlled by oneself or by outside forces.

secondary reinforcer

A stimulus that becomes reinforcing through association with a primary reinforcer.

stimulus satiation

Reduced effectiveness of a reinforcer due to overexposure.

conditioned reinforcer

A previously neutral stimulus that becomes reinforcing through pairing.

biofeedback

Using monitoring devices to gain control over physiological functions.

token economy

A system where tokens are earned for behaviors and exchanged for rewards.

need reduction theory

Behavior motivated by the need to reduce physical discomfort.

contingency contracts

Agreements that specify behavior and the consequences.

trans

situationality

Premack Principle

A more preferred activity can reinforce a less preferred one.

response deprivation theory

Restricting a behavior increases its value as a reinforcer.

optimization theory

Behavior allocation to maximize reinforcement.

elasticity of demand

How consumption of a reinforcer changes as its cost increases.

What causes superstitious behavior?

Accidental reinforcement of behaviors not causally related to the outcome.

What are the three terms in the three

term contingency?

Know theories of autoshaping

Learning occurs when a stimulus predicts reinforcement, even without a response requirement.

partial reinforcement effect

Intermittent reinforcement strengthens persistence and resistance to extinction.

Know different effects of reinforcement on learning and performance

Reinforcement may influence performance without necessarily reflecting true learning.

Know the three theories of the post reinforcement pause (fatigue, satiation and remaining response)

Pauses after reinforcement are explained by tiredness, temporary fullness, or leftover responses.

Applications of operant conditioning to marital therapy

Use of reinforcement and punishment principles to improve communication and behaviors.

What prevents learned helplessness?

Experiences with control and successful outcomes.

Is reinforcement necessary for learning?

Learning can occur without reinforcement, but reinforcement strengthens performance.

Know the three theories of avoidance learning

One

Does punishment work? What conditions are necessary?

Punishment can work if it is immediate, consistent, and paired with reinforcement of alternative behaviors.