PSYC 353 Final Exam Notes

"Women are wonderful" effect

Refers to attitudinal preference for women over men, implying a separation between men and women in terms of perceived qualities and roles.

3D model of implicit attitude change

Studies levels of individual and collective attitude change, focusing on cultural, experimental, and ontogenetic sources to understand biases.

3 puzzles from bias of crowds theory

Discusses large but unstable, permanent but unstable, and places vs. people biases in crowd behavior.

Acceptance of gender nonconformity among cis vs

Examines the acceptance levels of certain behaviors related to gender nonconformity among different groups of children.

Age effect

Refers to the impact of aging on individuals and the lack of longitudinal studies tracking changes over time.

Algorithmic biases of omission and commission

Explores biases in algorithms such as word embeddings and stereotype contact models, focusing on warmth and competence perceptions.

American = White bias

Investigates biases in perceiving certain races as more American, particularly in relation to white individuals.

Androcentrism bias

Examines biases centered around men and masculinity in society, especially in text data representations.

Anxiety disorders

Studies anxiety-related phenomena like specific phobias, group differences, prediction of outcomes, and responsiveness to treatment.

Association formation

Involves creating conceptions or mental links between concepts, like the association of women with the home.

Bias of crowds theory

Focuses on biases at the collective level, emphasizing the impact of the environment on individual biases.

Bob paradigm

Investigates rapid updating of implicit attitudes in response to positive and negative information, using abstract painting ratings as a measure.

Canvassing study

Explores the effects of analogic perspective taking on reducing intergroup bias and increasing policy support through conversations.

Causal learning paradigm

Studies the process of causal learning in understanding behavior and decision-making.

Change in social group stereotypes and attitudes (1800–1999)

Examines the evolution of stereotypes and attitudes towards social groups over two centuries.

Child-friendly IAT

Utilizes images instead of words in the Implicit Association Test for children, focusing on simplicity and coordination.

Close relationships

Investigates implicit and explicit evaluations in close relationships, including natural fluctuations and enduring intervention effects.

Co-occurrence information

Involves the simultaneous occurrence of information, potentially influencing cognitive processes.

Cognitive vs

Compares the effects of cognitive and ecological constraints on implicit attitude change over time.

Cohort effect

Considers the different effects experienced by various generations due to societal changes and influences.

Competition study

Analyzes the impact of competition on implicit racial bias and the sustainability of interventions over time.

Complexities of debiasing word embeddings

Explores challenges in debiasing algorithms, including human annotation, real-world inequalities, and implicit biases.

Contact hypothesis

Discusses how intergroup contact can reduce bias, emphasizing conditions like equal status, common goals, and cooperation.

Core knowledge

Focuses on understanding the origins of adult capacities in infants through habituation stimuli and early precursors of knowledge.

Idea of Object Continuity

Children's expectation that objects should be continuous when moving behind an occluder.

Cross-Sectional Design

Research method involving the collection of data from different age groups at a single point in time.

Demographic Variability in Attitude Change

Variances in implicit attitudes across demographics such as sexuality and political orientation.

Demonstrations of Regional-Level Correlations

Correlations between implicit bias and outcomes at a regional level, impacting behaviors like voting and discriminatory actions.

Development of Gender Attitudes

Study tracking the evolution of implicit and explicit gender attitudes from childhood to adulthood.

Development of Race Attitudes

Examination of how explicit and implicit social group attitudes change over time, focusing on race.

Evaluative Pairings vs

Comparison of the impact of verbal information and stimulus pairings on implicit and explicit attitudes.

Failed Replication of Prejudice Habit-Breaking Intervention

Study showing the challenges in changing implicit biases through interventions.

False Belief Reasoning in Nonhuman Primates

Research on the ability of nonhuman primates to understand false beliefs.

Four Horsemen of Automaticity

Characteristics of automatic processes including awareness, efficiency, controllability, and intentionality.

Four Objections to Implicit Attitude Change

Challenges and counterarguments against the possibility of changing implicit attitudes.

Francis West Paradigm

Experimental paradigm assessing implicit attitudes through priming and target evaluation.

Gender Essentialism among Cis vs

Study on essentialist beliefs about gender differences among children raised by same-sex or opposite-sex parents.

Essentialist Beliefs in Trans Kids

Transgender and cisgender children exhibit identical essentialist beliefs.

Gender Expectancy Violation Study

Research method involving habituation, generalization, and dishabituation to study infants' perception of gender differences.

Gender Identity of Cis vs

Studies show that cisgender and transgender children have statistically indistinguishable implicit gender identities.

Gender Preferential Looking Study

Study showing newborns' preference for faces, with a higher preference for female faces due to familiarity.

Gender Stereotype Expectancy Violation Study

Research demonstrating how children react to stereotypical and counter-stereotypical pairings.

Implicit Bias in AI

Debiased algorithms can still exhibit implicit biases, as shown in the example of ChatGPT categorizing gender stereotypes.

Intergroup Contact in Nigeria Study

Study on reducing discrimination through intergroup contact without affecting attitudes in Nigeria.

Large-Scale Corporate Diversity Training Study

Evaluation of a large-scale online diversity training's impact on gender bias and behavioral changes.

Light-Touch Intervention

Brief interventions that are short-term and often conducted in a lab setting.

Limitations of Debiasing Studies

Meta-analysis highlighting concerns like publication bias and lack of long-term effects in debiasing interventions.

Longitudinal Design

Research method involving studying the same individuals over an extended period to observe developmental changes.

Major Depressive Disorder

Group differences in depression and predictive outcomes using IAT scores and responsiveness to treatment.

Marriage Equality and Implicit Sexuality Attitudes

Study on how the legal environment influences attitudes towards marriage equality.

Neural Net

A computer system modeled after the human brain's neural network structure.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Group differences in OCD and the association between IAT responses and symptom severity.

Of Two Minds Paradigm

Study on implicit and explicit attitudes showing that behavioral statements predict both types of attitudes.

Online Norms Intervention Study

Research using bots on Twitter to enforce norms and the impact of ingroup vs. outgroup interventions.

Effect Persistence

The duration of an effect lasting over one month.

Ecological Validity

The extent to which research findings can be generalized to real-world settings.

Ontogeny

The study of the development of a single individual over time.

Patterns of Explicit Attitude Change

Trends in attitudes that are consciously held and expressed.

Patterns of Implicit Attitude Change

Trends in attitudes that are unconsciously held and expressed.

Period Effect

Cultural influences affecting individuals alive during a specific historical period.

Phylogeny

The study of the evolutionary development of a group.

Political Discourse and Implicit Attitudes

Changes in implicit attitudes in response to political events or rhetoric.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Group differences in implicit attitudes related to PTSD symptoms.

Preferential Looking Design

Inferring interests based on looking time.

Prejudice Habit Breaking Intervention

Strategies to counteract implicit bias in daily life.

Propositional Model of Implicit Evaluation

Dual process theory explaining implicit attitude formation.

Psychological Effects of Interacting with Biased AI

Impact of biased AI on psychological biases.

Publication Bias

Selective publication of studies supporting a hypothesis.

Race Preferential Looking Study

Study using preferential looking to examine racial preferences.

Relational Information

Importance of relationships between concepts for implicit attitude updating.

Replication Crisis

Challenges in replicating experimental results leading to doubts about generalizability.

Scream Paradigm

Study pairing stimuli with screams to investigate implicit attitudes.

Slavery and Implicit Race Attitudes

Link between historical slavery and present-day implicit biases.

Social Dominance Theory

Theory explaining humans' desire to maintain group-based hierarchies.

Social Norm

Shared expectations or rules guiding behavior in a social group.

Stage Theory (Piaget)

Piaget's theory of cognitive development, including the sensorimotor stage.

Formal Operational Stage

A stage of cognitive development (age 12+) where individuals can think in a more abstract way.

Stereotype Content Model

Concept by Fiske et al. (2002) that explains how people perceive others based on warmth and competence.

Surveillance Paradigm

Idea by Olson & Fazio (2001) testing incidental learning and attitude formation without intentional control.

Systems of Evaluation Model

A model by McConnell & Rydell (2014) related to evaluating attitudes and biases.

Test-Retest Reliability

The consistency of results over time, as discussed by Vuletich & Payne (2019) in the context of IAT at individual vs. context level.

Training Set

Examples fed to AI to generalize instances, as mentioned in the text.

Truth Value

The understanding of race among White and Black children, as studied by Roberts & Gelman (2016).

Word Embeddings

Representations of words in a continuous vector space, as discussed by Charlesworth et al. (2021).

Word Embedding Biases

Biases present in word embeddings, as highlighted by Caliskan et al. (2017) in various studies.

Bias in Text

Developmental study showing biases in conversations in movies, books, and cartoons.