Humans and the Environment, 1900-2020

These flashcards cover significant historical vocabulary and events from the provided lecture notes on humans and the environment from 1900 to 2020.

Great Depression

A severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s, leading to high unemployment and economic hardship.

Eugenics

A social philosophy advocating the improvement of human genetic traits through selective breeding and other forms of genetic intervention.

Négritude Movement

A literary and cultural movement in the 1930s that celebrated Black culture and identity, challenging colonialism and Western dominance.

Green Revolution

A period of agricultural transformation that increased crop yields through the use of new technologies and chemicals, significantly impacting food production.

Holodomor

A man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine from 1932 to 1933, caused by the policies of Joseph Stalin, resulting in millions of deaths.

Cuban Missile Crisis

A 1962 confrontation between the United States and Soviet Union over Soviet ballistic missiles deployed in Cuba, bringing the two superpowers close to nuclear war.

Paris Agreement

An international treaty adopted in 2016 to limit global warming and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Total War

A war that is not limited to the military but involves the entire society and economy in support of the military effort.

Berlin Wall

A barrier that divided East and West Berlin from 1961 to 1989, symbolizing the Cold War division between the communist East and democratic West.

Decolonization

The process through which colonies gained independence from colonial powers, significantly occurring in the 20th century.

Industrialization

The process by which industries are developed in a country or region, transforming economies from agrarian to industrial.

Apartheid

A system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s.

Women’s Suffrage Movement

The fight for women's right to vote, which gained momentum in the early 20th century, resulting in significant legal and social changes.

Anti-globalization Movement

A social movement opposing globalization, emphasizing its negative effects on the environment, human rights, and economic inequality.

Kyoto Protocol

An international treaty that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the premise that global warming exists and human-made carbon dioxide emissions have caused it.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

An intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade, providing a framework for negotiating trade agreements and settling trade disputes.

Imperialism

The policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, military force, or other means.

Civil Rights Movement

A movement in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s aimed at ending racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans.

Mexican Revolution

A major armed struggle from 1910 to 1920 that transformed Mexican society, ending the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz.

Soviet-Afghan War

A conflict from 1979 to 1989 where Soviet forces intervened in Afghanistan to support a communist government against insurgents.

Global Financial Crisis

A severe worldwide economic crisis that occurred in the late 2000s, precipitated by the collapse of the housing market in the United States.

Armenian Genocide

The systematic mass murder and expulsion of 1.5 million Armenians by the Ottoman Empire during World War I.