history finals popes + archbishops

Vigilius

Pope involved in the three chapters controversy under emperor Justinian and struggled over imperial control of church doctrine

st Gregory 7

Pope who strengthen papal authority and fought with emperor Henry 4 in the investiture controversy over who could appoint bishops

Bl. Urban 2

People who called the first Crusade in 1095 to help the Byzantine empire and reclaim Jerusalem from Muslim control

St Thomas á becket

Archbishop of Canterbury, who was murdered after defending the church’s authority against King Henry 2 of England

Boniface 8

Pope who strongly defended people authority over kings and clashed with King Philip 4 of France a weakening in the power of the papacy

Celestine 5

Pope who resigned after a few months of office in 1294, which led to political struggles in the church

What is benedictus deus

Official papal document issued by Pope Benedict 12 that taught soul’s judge worthy go to heaven and see God immediately after death before the final judgment

Julius 2

Powerful Renaissance Pope known for strengthening Papal States, leading wars in Italy, and supporting artist like Michelangelo and Raphael

Leo 10

Pope during the beginning of the Protestant reformation who condemned Martin Luther after Luther criticized indulgences, and church corruption