Language changes

assimilation

a segment es made like another nearby sound. PHONETIC

palatalization

the effect of front vowels have in consonants. PHONETIC

nasalization

effect that a nasal consonant have on an adjacent vowel. PHONETIC

umlaut

a change in a vowel caused by the influence of a vowel in the following syllabe. Irregular English plurals. PHONETIC

dissimilation

a segment is made less like another nearby sound. PHONETIC

affrication

the changing of a consonant to an affricate. PHONETIC

epenthesis

the insertion of a sound. PHONETIC

metathesis

change in the relative position of sounds. PHONETIC

wovel reduction

unstressed vowels are weaken to a schwa sound. PHONETIC

syncope

the loss of an internal vowel. PHONETIC

apocope

the loss of a final vowel. PHONETIC

deletion

removal of a consonant from a word. PHONETIC

weakening

a segment moves down a scale of consonantal strength. PHONETIC

consonantal strengthening

a segment moves up a scale of consonantal strength. PHONETIC

deaffrication

the changing of an affricate to a consonant. PHONETIC

substitution

the replacement of one sound with anither similar sounding segment. AUDITORY-BASED CHANGE

splits

one variation of a sound becomes an independant sound. PHONOLOGICAL CHANGE

mergers

two or more phonemes becomes one. PHONOLOGICAL CHANGE

shift

a series of phonemes sistematically modified. PHONOLOGICAL CHANGE

borrowing

use affixes of other languages. MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGE

fusion/grammaticalization

independent words that appear together fuse into a single unit consisting of a base and an affix. PHONOLOGICAL CHANGE

analogy

speakers extend a regular pattern to irregular forms. PHONOLOGICAL CHANGE

reanalysis

reinterpreting the morphological structure of a sound (hamburger). PHONOLOGICAL CHANGE

word order

change in word order in a sentence´s primery elements. SYNTAX

inversion

inversion. SYNTAX

compounding

addition of two base words. LEXIS

derivation

use of affixes. LEXIS

conversion

change of category. LEXIS

blending

parts of two different words are joined together. LEXIS

backformation

a new word is formed by taking away an affix (ej edition edit). LEXIS

clipping

shortened word. LEXIS

initialism

using the first letters of several words. every word is pronounced. ej idk LEXIS

acronyms

using the first letters of several words. it is pronounced as a single word. ej nasa LEXIS

calque

borrowing phrases. phrases taken from other language and translated word by word. LEXIS

Broadening

The meaning becomes more general (ej bird meant "small fowl"). SEMANTIC

Narrowing

The meaning becomes more specific (eJ hound meant any dog but now specific hunting breed). SEMANTIC

Amelioteration

The meaning becomes more positive or favorable (knight once meant "boy"). SEMANTIC

Pejoration

The meaning becomes more negative (silly once meant "happy"). SEMANTIC

Weakening

The meaning loses its intensity (soon used to mean "immediately"). SEMANTIC

Semantic Shift

A word loses its original meaning and takes on a new, related one (bead from meaning "prayer" to the physical prayer bead itself). SEMANTIC

Metaphor

A word with a concrete meaning takes on an abstract sense based on a perceived similarity (grasp to mean "understand"). SEMANTIC