1 & 2) Intro, Bacteria Shapes

How small is invisible?

0.1mm

Who is the "Father of Microbiology"? Where was he from?

Anthony Leeuwenhoek

Delf, Netherlands

There are _____________ types of bacteria in soil

There are _____________ types of bacteria in the gut

Soil: 10,000

Gut: 500-700

What is the hygiene hypothesis?

A lack of early childhood exposure to infectious agents, symbiotic microorganisms, and parasites increases susceptibility to allergic diseases by suppressing natural development of the immune system

-bacteria provide vitamins and stimulate immune system!

What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes do NOT have organelles but eukaryotes do

Strain vs. Species

Strain: a subset of species. Any isolated colony.

A cluster of gram positive cocci is _________________ (streptococci / staphylococci)

A chain of gram positive cocci is _________________ (streptococci / staphylococci)

Cluster gram positive cocci: staphylococci

Chains of gram positive cocci: streptococci

What are the steps for a gram stain? What color does gram positive and negative end up with? Why?

1. prepare heat fixed film on glass slide

2. crystal violet 1 minute then rinse

3. iodine 1 minute then rinse

4. brief decolorize with ethanol or acetone seconds then rinse

5. pink safranin 1 minute then rinse

6. blot dry

Gram negative: thin peptidoglycan so dye will NOT hold

-pink

Gram positive: thick peptidoglycan so dye will hold!

-purple

Spores are only found in gram ________________ (positive / negative)

Gram positive

-metabolically inert forms that are stable for long periods of time

What is the best way to compare bacteria for similarities?

16S ribosomal RNA

-computer can show it as phylogenic tree with 3 domains of life (eukarya, archaea, bacteria )

What is the order of classifications from life to species?

life

domain

kingdom

phylum

class

order

family

genus

species

-usually only use genus and species (family and above used in taxonomic studies)

When writing genus and species what is the correct way?

What if its multiple species?

Genus: capitalized and italicized or underlined

-can be appreciated with capitalized single letter or lengthened to a couple letters (strep vs. staph)

Species: lowercase and italicized or underlined

-multiple species: "ssp." after genus

-or genus alone and pleura means multiple types

What is serotyping?

identification of bacteria by identifying surface antigens