psych spring final

Biological Rhythms

Biological Rhythms

what can biological rhytyms affect

physiological functionings

three main biological rhythm categories

• Circadian rhythms

• Ultradian rhythms

• Infradian rhythms

Circadian Rhythms

biological rhythms (for example,

of temperature and wakefulness) that occur

approximately every 24 hours

Ultradian Rhythms

biological rhythms that occur

more than once each day

example of ultradian rhythms

stages of sleep throughout the night

Infradian Rhythms

biological rhythms that occur

once a month or once a season

example of infradian rhythms

women’s menstrual cycle

William Dement

sleep researcher who coined the term

rapid eye movement

what concept did dement invent

Suggested the concept of sleep debt

what is the sleep control center in the brain

hypothalamus

what does the hypothalamus do

• Monitors changes in light or

dark in the environment

• Changes levels of hormones in

the body

Melatonin

a hormone that helps

regulate daily biological rhythms

what is melatonin linked to

the sleep-wake cycle

what do melatonin levels do

increase during

the night and decreases with

exposure to morning light

NREM Stage 1 Sleep

• Breathing is slowed

• Brain waves become irregular

• It is easy to wake the person, who will

insist they are not asleep

• Rarely lasts longer than 5 minutes

NREM Stage 2 Sleep

• Brain wave cycle slows

• First time through stage 2 lasts about

20 minutes

NREM Stage 3 Sleep

• Slow wave sleep

• First time through stage 3 is about 30

minutes and is where one gets

rejuvenated

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep

a

recurring sleep stage during which vivid

dreams commonly occur

what is REM considered

Considered “paradoxical sleep”

who coined rem sleep

willaim dement

paradoxical sleep

rem sleep where wave patterns are similar to when a person is awake but brainstem stops all muscle movement

what happens during paradoxical sleep

pulse and breathing quickens

social clock

culturally preferred timing of social events

Albert Bandura

Canadian american psychologist, who is a major figure in the study of observational learning

• known for bobo doll experiments

bobo doll experiments

children watched adults show aggressive behavior toward a bobo doll

• model is praised

• model is punished

• no consequences for model

how do psychologists define what kind of behavior is disordered

MUDA

what is MUDA

• maladaptive

• unjustifiable

• disturbing

• atypical

maladaptive

exaggeration of normal or acceptable behavior

• destructive to oneself or others

unjustifiable

behavior which does not have rational basis

disturbing

behavior which is troublesome to other people

atypical

behavior that is so different from others that it violates a norm

Anxiety

a vague feeling of apprehension or

nervousness

when anxiety becomes disordered

anxiety begins to take control and dominate a person's

life

Types of Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety disorders are divided into:

• Generalized anxiety disorder

• Panic disorder

• Phobia

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

an anxiety disorder

characterized by disruptive levels of persistent,

unexplained feelings of apprehension and tenseness

Symptoms of Generalized Anxiety

The person must have a least three of the following:

• Restlessness

• Feeling on edge

• Difficulty concentrating/mind going blank

• Irritability

• Muscle tension

• Sleep disturbance

Panic Disorder

an anxiety disorder characterized by

sudden bouts of intense, unexplained anxiety, often

associated with physical symptoms like choking,

sensations or shortness of breath

Phobia

an anxiety disorder

characterized by disruptive,

irrational fears of objects,

activities, or situations

• The fear must be both

irrational and disruptive

Social Anxiety Disorder

• Phobias which produce fear in social situations

• Fear of speaking in public

• Was called social phobia

Agoraphobia

• Fear of situations the person views as difficult to

escape from

• Fear of leaving one’s home or room in the house

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

an anxiety disorder

characterized by unwanted,

repetitive thoughts and/or

actions

Obsessions/compulsions

• repetitive

  thoughts

• repetitive

  actions

Causes of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Combination of nature and nurture

• Frontal lobe activity

• Giving into the behavior is reinforced

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

an

anxiety disorder

characterized by reliving a

severely upsetting event

in unwanted, recurring

memories and dreams

Major Depressive Disorder

a

mood disorder in which a

person, for no apparent reason,

experiences at least 2 weeks of

depressed moods, diminished

interest in activities, and other

symptoms, such as feelings of

worthlessness

symptoms of depressions

• Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day

  • Little interest or pleasure in almost all activities

  • Significant changes in weight or appetite

  • Sleeping more or less than usual

  • Agitated or decreased level of activity

  • Feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt

  • Diminished ability to think or concentrate

  • Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

Bipolar Disorder

a mood disorder (formerly called

manic depressive disorder) in which the person

alternates between the hopelessness of depression and

the overexcited and unreasonably optimistic state of

mania

Dissociative Disorders

disorders in which the sense

of self has become separated (dissociated) from

previous memories, thoughts, or feelings

• Extremely rare and usually the result of

overwhelming stress

Types of Dissociative Disorders

Two main types of dissociative disorders

• Dissociative amnesia

• Dissociative identity disorder

Dissociative Amnesia

a dissociative disorder characterized by loss of memory in reaction to a traumatic event

• Serious personal threats are

the most common cause

• Combat, natural disasters,

fires, etc.

Dissociative Fugue

a dissociative disorder characterized by loss of identity and travel to a new location

• An extended form of dissociative amnesia

• The person may develop a new identity and begin a

new life

• Can last a few hours, days, months, or even years

Dissociative Identity Disorder

a rare and controversial

dissociative disorder in which an individual exhibits two

or more distinct and alternating personalities

• Formerly called multiple personalities

• Very rare and controversial

Schizophrenia

a disorder characterized by

disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed

perception, and inappropriate emotions and behaviors

• Is not one disorder but a family of disorders

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

• Delusions (false beliefs)

• Hallucinations (false perceptions)

• Inappropriate emotions

• Inappropriate behavior

Delusions

false beliefs that are symptoms of

schizophrenia and other serious psychological disorders

Delusions of Grandeur

• False beliefs that a person is more important than

they really are

Delusions of Persecution

• False beliefs that people are out to get the person

• Believe they are being followed, the phone is tapped,

etc.

Delusions of Sin or Guilt

• False beliefs that the person is responsible for some

misfortune

Delusion of Influence

• False beliefs of being controlled by outside forces

Hallucinations

false perceptions that are symptoms

of schizophrenia and other serious psychological

disorders

• Types of hallucinations:

• Auditory (hearing voices)

• Visual (seeing things)

• Tactile (feeling skin sensations)

Inappropriate Emotions/Behaviors

• Flat affect – showing little or no emotional response

• Word salad – nonsense talk

• Waxy flexibility – the person’s arms and legs will

remain in place after being moved there

Biological Factors – Brain Structure

• Those with schizophrenia have

smaller amounts of brain tissue

and larger fluid filled spaces

• The thalamus is smaller in those

with schizophrenia

Biological Factors – Brain Function

• The frontal lobes show less activity

• Those with schizophrenia have a larger number of

receptor sites for the neurotransmitter dopamine

Personality Disorders

psychological disorders

characterized by rigid and lasting behavior patterns that

disrupt social functioning

how are personality disorders divided

• Related to anxiety

• With odd and eccentric behaviors

• With dramatic or impulsive behaviors

Personality Disorders Related to Anxiety

• Avoidant Personality Disorder

• Dependent Personality Disorder

Avoidant Personality Disorder

• So sensitive about being rejected that personal

relationships become difficult

Dependent Personality Disorder

Behave in clingy, submissive ways and display a

strong need to have others take care of them

Personality Disorders with Odd and

Eccentric Behaviors

• Paranoid Personality Disorder

• Schizoid Personality Disorder

Paranoid Personality Disorder

• Shows deep distrust of other people which gets in

the way of personal relationships

• Different than paranoid delusions

Schizoid Personality Disorder

• Is detached from social relationships

• Are true hermits, preferring life alone and avoiding

intimate interactions at all costs

Personality Disorders with Dramatic or

Impulsive Behaviors

• Borderline Personality Disorder

• Antisocial Personality Disorder

Borderline Personality Disorder

Exhibit instability of emotions, self-image, behavior,

and relationships

Antisocial Personality Disorder

a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) shows a lack of conscience for wrongdoing and a lack of respect for the rights of others

REM sleep

is a unique, active stage of the sleep cycle where most vivid dreaming occurs. It gets its name from the quick, darting movements of your eyes beneath closed eyelids