1. molecules and fundamental of biology

polymerize

bond with one another or become multiple

Hydrolysis

Breaking chemical bonds to create bond

Dehydration / condensation reaction

Process that forms bonds by removing water

Ribose

Five carbon sugar

glucose, fructose, galactose

Six carbon sugar

Disaccharides

Joined by a glycosidic bond

Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates like starch and cellulose

Starch

Plant energy storage

Glycogen

Human energy storage

Cellulose

Plant structural support

Chitin

Structural polysaccharide in exoskeletons and fungal cell walls

Ribozyme

RNA molecule that can act as an enzyme

Cofactor

Non protein molecule that helps enzymes perform reactions

Michaelis constant (Km)

Substrate concentration at Vmax/2

Saturation

Occurs when all active sites are occupied

Triacylglycerol

Lipid molecule with a glycerol backbone and three fatty acids

Phospholipids

Lipid molecules with a glycerol backbone and a polar head

Cholesterol

Amphipathic lipid that is a component of the cell membrane

Lipoproteins

Transport lipid molecules in the bloodstream

Waxes

Simple lipids with long fatty acids connected to alcohols

Carotenoids

Lipid derivatives that function mainly as pigments

Sphingolipids

Have important functions in structural support, signal transduction, and cell recognition

Glycolipids

Lipids found in the cell membrane with a carbohydrate group attached

Nucleic acid

Biological macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information

Nucleoside

Contains a five-carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base

Nucleotide

Contains a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group

Phosphodiester bonds

Formed through a condensation reaction between sugars

mRNA

Single stranded when copied from DNA

miRNA

Small RNA molecules that can silence gene expression

rRNA

Helps ribosomes translate mRNA

tRNA

Small RNA molecules that participate in protein synthesis

Miller Urey experiment

experiment Simulated early Earth conditions with a mixture of gases

Endosymbiotic theory

States that eukaryotes developed from symbiotic relationships between prokaryotic cells

Transcription

DNA to RNA called

Translation

RNA to protein called