Gross motor development

neonate prone

head elevates to clear face and reposition it

physiological flexion - flexor bias of trunk and extremities

neonate supine

head rotates fully in either direction

neonate sitting

head may bob while in kyphotic(supported sitting)

head position is typically flexed forward

neonate standing

reflex standing and stepping

infancy(1-3 mon)

working on attainment of physiological stability by regulating respiration, temp, sucking/swallowing, sleep/wake cycle

1 mon prone

head rotates when placed face down on surface,

less physiological flexion

if head is dropped when infant is suspended horizontally in prone, the head momentarily lifts to the plane of body

1 mon supine

asymmetrical postures predominant with all limbs flexed(less than birth)

random extension of limbs

hands fisted

reciprocal kicking alternates with symmetric kicking

1 mon sitting

forward flexion of trunk(support is necessary)

head in line with trunk for short intervals

1 mon standing

reflex standing and walking

2-3 mon prone

elbows in line with shoulders for FOREARM SUPPORT

lift head to 45 deg, sustained to 90 deg momentarily

posture with pelvis flat on surface

2-3 mon supine

symmetrical posture with mid-position of head

legs kick reciprocally

2-3 mon sitting

head upright but still bobbing in supported sitting

variable head lag in pull to sitting position

2-3 mon standing

supported standing with poor WB with hips in flexion, behind shoulders

4-5 mon prone

props on forearms, one arm extended

weight shifting to free arm and reach with one hand

props on hands with extended arms(hand support position)

pivot prone

4-5 mon supine

alternates feet to mouth and bridging

attempts to roll to side with leg or arm leading

4-5 mon sitting

prop sit with assistance

static ring sitting emerging

pull to sit shows no head lag

4-5 mon standing

supported standing with some WB

6-7 mon prone

elevates trunk with elbow extension

may rock on hands and knees

belly crawling

rolls to supine

6-7 mon supine

brings feet to chin or mouth

rolls to prone

attempts to raise self to sit

6-7 mon sitting

unsustained/unsupported sitting with high guard

static sitting while manipulating a toy

weight shifting with lateral and anterior arm support

6-7 mon standing

supported standing with better WB

take large fraction of weight

bounces actively in supported standing(full WB with hip in greater extension and both legs together)

weight on feet/toes; head in line with body, hip behind shoulders

head in midline

crawling

6-7 mon; reciprocal arm and leg movement with trunk rotation and BELLY TOUCHES THE GROUND

6-7 mon(other slides

propped lying on side(forearm support?)

rock back and forth on hands and knees with lumbar lordosis(downward curvature)

8-9 mon prone

transitions in and our of sitting to quadruped or prone; pulls to stand with support

8-9 mon supine

raise self to sit

not interested in it anymore

8-9 mon sitting

without arm support

reach for things with rotation

manipulate toy in sitting position

anterior, lateral protective reactions present

8-9 mon

FWB holding on to rail

stands at furniture

8-9 mon

sit to hands and knees

scoot/hitch/shuffle

pull to stand with support

creeping

8-9 mon; using hands and knees to crawl, BELLY IS UPPPP

10-11 mon prone

pull to stand by rolling up over feet

pulls to stand through half kneeling(one knee up and one on ground)

10-11 mon supine

transitions to sitting and quadruped

10-11 mon sitting

rotates/pivots while sitting to reach

transitions to prone or supine easily

10-11 mon standing

lowering to sitting position from supported standing

stepping in standing when both or one hand is held

cruises with external support

cruises

10-11 mon; side stepping/walking; hip abduction

12 mon prone

stands up through quadruped1

12 mon supine

moves rapidly into sitting or quadruped to standing

12 mon sitting

wide variety of sitting positions including side-sitting

12 mon standing

independent standing

early stepping with wide base of support

independent walking with high guard arms and wide space

lower self with control from standing

standing → squat → back to standing in a controlled manner

overall prone progression

prone lying

prone on elbows

prone on extended arms

pivot prone

quadruped

crawling

creeping

overall supine progression

supine lying

pull to sitting

hands to knees and feet

feet to mouth

sitting progression

supported sitting

propped sitting

unsupported ring sitting

independent sitting(half0ring, long, side, short sitting)

standing progression

supported standing

pulling to stand

independent standing

cruising

walking

13-18 mon

independent walking

climb up stairs on hands, knees and feet

walking up stairs while holding on

creeps backwards down stairs

18-24 mon

run stiffly with eyes on ground

creeps backwards downstairs

climbs stairs with both feet on each step using railing

24-36 mon

walks backward 10 ft

walks 3 steps on a taped line

runs 30 ft in 6 seconds

walks up and down stairs without support

walks up stairs, alternating feet

jumps down from step

stands on one foot

jumps on one foot

begins to ride tricycle

kicks small ball

preschool motor development

boys are stronger bc of increased muscle strength

girls surpass boys in dexterity and limb coordination

3-4 years

jumps off floor with both feet

jumps over objects, hops on one foot

gallops(leading with one foot and transferring weight)

walks downstairs with alternating feet

runs with arms moving back and forth

stands on tiptoes

4-5 mon

stands on one foot for 10 sec

catches ball if prepared

jumps 2-3 in

lean forward when jumping from a height

5-6 years

can stop and change direction quickly when running

can hop 8-10 steps on one foot

throws ball 10 ft ont arget

roller skates, rides bikes

6 yrs

skips

8 yrs

jumps rope

throws and bats a ball more skillfully

10 yrs

jumping distance increases

11 yrs

running speed stabilizes for girls

12 yrs

plays ball more skillfully due to improved reaction time

13 yrs

males continue to increase speed and jump distance

14 yrs

standing long jump distance continues to increase for males

stabilizes for females

15 years

may reach fastest reaction time

16 years

may reach peak performance level in sports