Clinical pharmacokinetic processes

What does pharmacokinetics describe?

The way a drug moves through the body. A drug enters the body, move through the body, and then leave the body.

Pharmacokinetics covers which time period of drug exposure?

The entire duration of exposure

Which of the following is NOT one of the four main parameters of pharmacokinetics listed?

Detoxification

What are the four main parameters of pharmacokinetics listed?

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, Toxicity.

Which additional process is mentioned alongside toxicity?

Activation and excretion

Why is insulin not given orally?

It is destroyed by stomach acid and digestive enzymes

The low effectiveness of oral insulin is best described as poor:

Poor bioavailability

Pharmacodynamics is best defined as:

Drug effects on the body at target tissues

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Which of the following is NOT listed as a route of drug administration?

Intracardiac (IC)

What must orally administered drugs survive before absorption? in pharmacokinetics

the gastrointestinal (GI) tract before they can be absorbed into the bloodstream

What is a prodrug?

An inactive or weakly active compound converted into an active drug

Prodrugs are designed primarily to overcome which barrier?

Poor absorption, low solubility, instability, or high toxicity

Approximately what percentage of approved drugs act as prodrugs?

5-7%

The liver is described as prioritising drugs as:

Which sequence best represents ADME?

Absorption → Distribution → Metabolism → Excretion

Drugs can be administered:

Intramuscular (IM), Intravenous (IV), Subcutaneous (SC/SQ), and Intradermal (ID).

Prodrugs are:

Inactive or weakly active compounds that, after administration.

Prodrugs become pharmacologically active through:

Normal metabolic processes

Prodrugs are primarily designed to overcome which of the following barriers?

Poor absorption, low solubility, instability, or high toxicity.

In passive absorption, the rate of drug absorption:

Increases with higher drug concentration at the absorption site

Passive absorption may slow down when:

The concentration gradient diminishes.

In active absorption, increasing drug concentration will stop increasing absorption rate when:

The transport system becomes saturated.

Some drugs may compete with nutrients because they:

Share transporters.

If a drug is not eliminated from the body, this may lead to:

Overdose.

Bioavailability is best defined as:

The fraction of the administered drug that arrives in the systemic circulation.

Which route of administration provides 100% bioavailability?

Intravenous (IV)

First-pass metabolism typically occurs in the:

Liver

Some oral medications may become inactive due to:

Solubility issues

Changes in the chemical structure of an oral drug may:

Enhance or reduce bioavailability.

Compared with intravenous drugs, oral medications:

Involve multiple factors influencing absorption.

Some antibiotics taken with dairy products may result in:

50–90% reduction in absorption.

Fat intake affects drug absorption primarily by:

Reducing gastric emptying

Bile salts can increase drug absorption by:

Increasing solubility of some drugs

Increased viscosity of gut contents generally:

Reduces drug absorption

Grapefruit juice and cytochrome P450 (an enzyme) affects drug _ by interacting with:

Metabolism

What does drug distribution describe?

How a substance is spread throughout the body

The primary goal of drug distribution is to:

Achieve an effective drug concentration at the receptor site

Which fraction of a drug is pharmacologically active in the plasma?

Unbound (or free) fraction

Which of the following patient factors can not influence drug distribution?

Hair length. high growth and slow growth.

In liver disease, reduced albumin levels may result in:

Increased distribution of free (unbound) drug to tissues

A low volume of distribution suggests that the drug:

Confined to the plasma (bloodstream)

A low volume of distribution suggests that the drug is primarily confined to the plasma (bloodstream), has limited distribution to tissues, and is likely highly bound to plasma proteins or is highly water-soluble.

A low volume of distribution suggests that the drug is primarily confined to the plasma (bloodstream), has limited distribution to tissues, and is likely highly bound to plasma proteins or is highly water-soluble.

A low volume of distribution suggests that the drug is primarily confined to the , has distribution to and is likely bound to or is highly .

A low volume of distribution suggests that the drug is primarily confined to the plasma (bloodstream), has limited distribution to tissues, and is likely highly bound to plasma proteins or is highly water-soluble.

A low volume of distribution suggests that the drug is primarily confined to the intracellular fluid, has limited distribution to plasma and is likely highly bound to or is highly .

A low volume of distribution suggests that the drug is primarily confined to the , has distribution to and is likely bound to or is highly .

A low volume of distribution suggests that the drug is primarily confined to the , has distribution to and is likely bound to or is highly .

A. Plasma; extensive; fat; poorly; albumin; lipid-soluble

B. Intracellular fluid; limited; plasma; highly; tissues; water-soluble

C. Plasma (bloodstream); limited; tissues; highly; plasma proteins; water-soluble

D. Tissues; extensive; plasma; weakly; receptors; lipid-soluble

✅ Correct answer: C