Vaccines

What is the purpose of vaccinations?

Purpose is to stimulate a primary immune response without causing disease

-Takes advantage of memory

What are the two main categories of immunization?

Passive and active

What is passive immunization?

Transfer of antibodies from an immune individual to an unprotected individual

Is passive immunization short term or long term?

Short term

What is active immunization?

When an animal produces its own immunity

Is active immunization short term or long term?

Long term as it produces memory

What is the passive immunization standard steps? (one we learned)

-Generate antibodies in donor animals

  - Immunize an animal against the antigen

  - Collect serum containing antibodies

  - isolate the antibodies

  - treat antibodies with a protease that cleaves the Fc portion off of the antibody

  - This leaves the Fab part of the antibody = immune globulins

- Administer immune globulins to another animal to provide passive immunity

What are some vaccine considerations?

-Want strong, prolonged immunity

-Want to activate pAPCs so they produce cytokines to activate adaptive immune response

-Want it to be safe

What are some forms of active immunization vaccines?

Inactivated, live, toxoid, subunit, conjugate, recombinant vector, DNA, and mRNA

What are some characteristics and a benefit of inactivated vaccines?

May stimulate inappropriate immune response for antigen and must be killed

Benefit: cannot cause disease

What are some characteristics and a benefit of live vaccines?

May cause disease and must be attenuated, There is a fine line between to much attenuation and not enough

Benefit: produces a more appropriate immune response

What do toxoid vaccines use?

Exotoxins inactivated by formalin or heat

What do subunit vaccines use?

Viral adhesion molecules

What do conjugate vaccines use?

Couple weak antigen with strong antigen

What do Recombinant vector vaccines use?

Use harmless or attenuated virus to express pathogenic antigen

Not as common more in clinical phases

Johnson & Johnson covid vaccine was this kind

What do DNA vaccines use?

Host cells pick up DNA and incorporate it into genomic DNA

Not as common more in clinical phases

What do mRNA vaccines use?

Host cells take up mRNA to translate antigen

Not as common more in clinical phases

Fiser and moderna covid vaccines were this kind