AP Human Geography Grand Review

Comprehensive review flashcards covering key concepts from Thinking Geographically, Population, Culture, Politics, Agriculture, Industry, and Urban Geography units.

What is the definition of a Geographic Information System (GIS)?

A computer system that stores, organizes, retrieves, analyzes, and displays geographic data.

What is meant by the term 'cultural landscape'?

The forms superimposed on the physical environment by the activities of humans.

How is cultural diffusion defined?

The spread of an idea or innovation from its source.

What does the study of cultural ecology involve?

Interactions between human societies and the physical environment.

What is a Global Positioning System (GPS)?

A space-based global navigation satellite system.

What is the core concept of environmental determinism?

The idea that the physical environment, rather than social conditions, determines culture.

What is remote sensing?

The small- or large-scale acquisition of information of an object or phenomenon, either in recording or real time.

To what does the 'why of where' refer in geography?

The idea that the explanation of a spatial pattern is crucial.

What set of maps helps explain how the scale of inquiry affects truth?

Maps showing Michigan’s population density by counties and the United States population density by state.

What are examples of functional regions?

The New York Times, Milwaukee, and an airline hub.

What are examples of vernacular regions?

The South and the Rust Belt.

What is carrying capacity?

The ability of a resource base to sustain its population.

Define counterurbanization.

A population shift from urban to rural areas.

What is the dependency ratio?

The number of working-age people compared to the number of people too old or too young to work.

What is the difference between internal and external migration?

Internal migration occurs within a state, while external migration occurs between states.

What is net migration?

The difference between in-migration and out-migration.

What is chain migration?

The process by which immigrants from a particular place follow others from that place to another place.

What is brain drain?

The flight of talented people away from an area.

How is the Natural Increase Rate (NIR) calculated?

$CBR-CDR$ per thousand.

What does the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) represent?

The number of children a woman is likely to have.

How is the Infant Mortality Rate defined in the lecture notes?

The number of deaths under the age of $2$ per thousand.

What are the four major regions where two-thirds of the world's population is clustered?

East Asia, Southeast Asia, Europe, and South Asia.

If the US population is $300\,\text{million}$ and the land area is $9\,\text{million\,km}^2$, what is the arithmetic density?

Approximately $30$ persons per square kilometer.

What is Balkanization?

The fragmentation of a region into smaller units.

What is a lingua franca?

A common language.

What is the minority branch of Islam that is the majority in Iraq and Iran?

Shiite.

What are examples of centripetal forces?

National symbols, compact states, external threats, and linguistic homogeneity.

What are examples of centrifugal forces?

Uneven development, substate nationalism, and fragmented states.

Contrast folk culture and popular culture diffusion.

Folk culture spreads through relocation diffusion on a small scale with slow change; popular culture involves modern communication on a large scale with rapid change.

In which order do political units rank from largest to smallest?

Empire, nation-state, province, county, municipality, census tract.

What are the three reasons for colonization often represented by the letter 'G'?

Gold, Glory, and God.

Match the following state shapes: Vietnam, Afghanistan, and South Africa.

Vietnam is an elongated state, Afghanistan is a prorupted state, and South Africa is a perforated state.

What is a 'forward capital'?

A capital city moved to a specific location for economic or strategic reasons, such as in Brazil.

What model demonstrates the transfer of resources from less developed to more developed areas?

The core-periphery model.

What is gerrymandering?

Manipulating boundaries for political gain.

What are the European Union, the Arab League, and the United Nations examples of?

Supranational organizations.

Under the UN Law of the Sea, what zone gives coastal countries economic sovereignty?

The $200$-nautical-mile exclusive economic zone.

What are primary, secondary, and tertiary economic activities?

Primary extracts natural resources; Secondary transforms raw materials into finished products; Tertiary involves exchange of goods and provision of services.

Identify examples of bulk-reducing and bulk-gaining industries.

Nickel smelting is bulk-reducing; soft-drink bottling and automobile assembly are bulk-gaining.

What are the 'Four Asian Tigers'?

A group of highly developed economies in Asia (historically Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan).

According to the rank-size rule, if the largest city has $10\,\text{million}$ people, what is the population of the second largest city?

$5\,\text{million}$.

Which countries are identified as following the primate city rule?

France and South Korea.

Name the cities identified as 'World Cities'.

New York, London, and Tokyo.

What are squatter settlements?

Illegal occupation of a residential district, often found in large urban areas of developing regions.