practicum - clinical setting

internship

Any official or formal program that is designed to provide practical working experience related in the applicant’s field of study

• working experience and enhancement

• opportunity for further enhancement through seminars or learning sessions

• gain a network of contacts

• Potential candidate for employment and Determine interest in the chosen field/area

• Personal and spiritual growth

importance of internship

• opening

• body language

• positioning

INTAKE INTERVIEW

1. questioning

2. reflection

3. paraphrasing

4. clarification

5. exploration

6. silence

interviewing techniques

questioning

Direct Questions: Why, What, When, Where

Open ended Questions: How

reflection

C: “I am not making any progress at all”

TH: “Your lack of progress frustrates you?

paraphrasing

C: “I can’t concentrate. I’ve been thinking a

lot...”

TH: “These things in your mind are

disturbing you?”

clarification

C: “My mom thinks that I’m stupid”

TH: “What are the things she tells about

you?”

exploration

C: “My uncle used to beat me”

TH: “How did he do it? How often? Why did

he beat you? Where? “

silence

C: “I can’t control myself when I get angry”

TH: ......

psychosocial activites

A. Non-Verbal Communication Skills

• lean forward

• open position

• voice modulation

• eye contact

• relax and Respect

B. Verbal Communication Skills

• clarity of Speech

• active Listening

• reflecting Back

• linking

C. Other Tips

1. Avoid asking too much questions

2. Avoid giving an advice right away

3. Use simple words

4. Avoid showing unneccesary reactions

5. Don’t hurry the child/strongly prompt when not

ready

Non-Verbal Communication Skillsf6z

• lean forward

• open position

• voice modulation

• eye contact

• relax and Respect

Verbal Communication Skills

• clarity of Speech

• active Listening

• reflecting Back

• linking

other tips

1. Avoid asking too much questions

2. Avoid giving an advice right away

3. Use simple words

4. Avoid showing unneccesary reactions

5. Don’t hurry the child/strongly prompt when not

ready

psychological measurement

principally concerned with individual differences in psychological traits.

trait

simply a descriptive label applied to a group of interrelated behaviors that may be inherited or acquired

personnel specialist

frequently confronted with the tasks of selecting and using psychological procedures, interpreting results and communicating these results to others. These are important tasks that frequently affect individual careers. It is essential that personnel specialists be well-grounded in applied measurement concepts.

psychological measures

used in decision-making (Cronbach and Glesser, 1965).

logic of physical measurement

The____________________ should not be ignored. Psychological measures are more appropriately evaluated in terms of their social utility

predictive efficiency

The question is not whether the psychological measures used in particular context are accurate or inaccurate but how their ______compares with that of other available procedures and techniques

(1) educational setting; (2) clinical setting; (3) business and industrial; and (4) research.

Tests are commonly used in four areas, namely:

psychological test

measure differences between individuals or between the reactions of the same individual on different occasions.

IN EDUCATIONAL SETTING

1.1 To gain objective data about an individual, supervisor, teacher or student - in

Addition to the information gained from interviews and other assessment

techniques.

1.2 To classify the students in school in terms of their ability to profit from different

methods or types of instruction.

1.3 To gather information which can be used for admission, classification, and

selection of applicants for professional and other special areas.

1.4 To identify the exceptional children, or the gifted students and mentally retarded.

1.5 To diagnose the causes of academic failures and underachievement.

1.6 To provide information to the guidance counselors to help them in vocational

counseling of high school and college students.

1.7 To have a basis for conference with parents and guardians about their children’s

achievements and adjustments.

1.8 To study the student’s study habit.

1.9 To understand learners better.

1.10 To measure learners’ better.

IN CLINICAL SETTING

2.1 To disclose mental ability as well as diagnose mental deficiencies and/or

aberrations.

2.2 To appraise objectively the personality of individual for self-understanding and

adjustment on the part of the individual himself.

2.3 To assess or evaluate the personal characteristics of an individual in relation to

some factors - social, health, emotional, educational, environmental, occupational

and personal.

2.4 To enhance self-understanding and personal development.

2.5 To assess emotional well-being and effective interpersonal relations of individuals

2.6 To provide information which aid in decision-making on the part of the individual

himself.

2.7 To diagnose mental disorders.

2.8 To measure personality which serves as basis for treatment.

2.9 To make predictions about future behavior.

IN BUSINESS AND INDUSTRIAL SETTING

3.1 In decision-making particularly in the screening and the selection of applicants for

vacant and new positions.

3.2 To provide a basis for executive hiring.

3.3 In planning and training programs of new recruits and in deciding who is qualified

for what service.

3.4 To classify employees to jobs where their aptitudes and interests fit in.

3.5 For transfer purposes and/or promotion to new positions.

3.6 For termination of employees.

3.7 In evaluation of job performance.

IN BASIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH

4.1 In hypothesis testing, the accuracy of theoretical formulations.

4.2 In hypothesis building in which additional testing or other information is needed.

4.3 In determining the strengths and weaknesses of individual differences.

4.4 In determining the strengths and weaknesses in the instructional program of a

school.

4.5 In Identifying the relationships between such variables as achievement and ordinal

position in the family; achievement and socio-economic level; achievement and

ethnic origin; achievement and educational qualifications of parents; performance

in school and self-concept; social and emotional adjustments and achievements,

etc.

4.6 Used for gathering data in the investigation of biological and cultural factors

associated with individual differences.

4.7 In the identification of psychological traits.

empirical and theoretical rationales

In constructing test, both what are used?

EMPIRICAL APPROACH

Assuming that the objective of psychologist is to measure human anxiety.

He proceeds by:

1. Developing a set of reference groups.

Steps:

a. Group individuals into 3, based from the results of their IQ test.

1st Group - Above Average

2nd Group - Average

3rd Group - Low Average

b. Make up a set of test items

c. Give these items to the 3 groups

d. Use their responses to eliminate items that do not discriminate.

A test developed from this process is empirically derived test of

intelligence. Tests that were developed under this approach are the Minnesota

Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), Rorschach Ink Blot Test and the Strong

Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB).

The reference group approach is the rationale underlying most

psychological tests.

EMPIRICAL APPROACH

Another what approach is the use of FACTOR ANALYSIS. This procedure was used by Cattell in developing the 16 Personality Factors questionnaire. The process follows these steps:

1. Select a large number of existing tests on anxiety.

2. Administer them to a large group of people.

3. Factor analyze to identify the basic underlying factors.

4. Select the two individual tests that measure these factors.

5. Use a statistical procedure.

THEORETICAL APPROACH

1. Develop a theory (about intelligence or anxiety) based on previous

researches and already known factors.

2. Proceed to design a test that will measure intelligence or anxiety, as

defined or characterized by the theory. The theory will determine the

kind of test used to measure intelligence or anxiety.

3. After the test has been constructed, (1) find its reliability and (2)

determine if the test measures what is supposed to measure based

from the theory. If a test measures up to its theory, the test is said to

have a construct validity and establishing a construct validity is a long,

detailed research process.

criterion keying

The method of empirical scale construction in this exercise is called __________. It will allow the class to identify the items which actually differentiates the interests of people to have to sporting (SP), snacks (Sn), Aesthetics (Ae), and social

orientations (SO) from the interest of students-in-general group

1. identify the criterion groups

2. administration of test to the criterion group

3. Administration of the test to the students-in-general group.

4. tabulation of response to the individual items

5. selection of items that differentiate

6. establishment of norms for the scales

7. Cross-validation of the scale on a new criterion group.

8. Profile of individual tests

STEPS IN EMPIRICAL CRITERION KEYING

procedures for administration

standardized in that each time the test is given, directions for taking the test and recording the answers are the same, the same time limits pertain, and, as far as possible, distractions are minimized

Anastasi

According to _________, perfect standardization and objectivity have not been attained in practice . If this the case, our goal as psychometricians is to achieve a reasonable high degree of objectivity.

Establishing norms

involves the determination of the central tendency or the average or typical level of performance on the test and devising a measure of score variability

Scoring

is objective in that rules are specified in advance for evaluating responses. The test should have specific scoring procedure which enables different scorers to completely agree on the correctness of the wrongness of an answer in the test item

objective Test

In what Test, the person scoring the test exercises little or any judgment.

answer key

are prepared which enables any person to guide the test.

subjective test

require the scorer to use considerable judgment in rating the examinee’s responses.

standardized measures

refers to a test which was developed empirically. It is a test which observes stated directions concerning the test administration, scoring and interpretation. It implies uniformity of procedures in administering and scoring the test. The test or measure evidences or observes the principles on validity, reliability, utility and norms.

efforts

expended in terms of administration, scoring and interpretation should be lesser. If the directions are made clear and specific as provided in the manual, there will be ease in administration, in scoring and in the interpretation of the results.

mean, the median and the mode and the standard deviation.

Establishing norms involves the determination of the central tendency or the average or typical level of performance on the test and devising a measure of score variability. The statistical operations use include

Percentile scores, standard nine or ten scores

most commonly used.

comparability

construct a test in such a way that the results can be compared to other test results

utility

the content of the test must serve definite needs in the examinees activities.

approximately mechanical make up

the printing of the test should be clear and fitting for the level for which it used

economy

less amount of funds should be spent for the construction.

objective

It is imperative that the administration, scoring and interpretation of scores should be _______, meaning, they must be independent of the subjective judgment of the individual examinees. Any one individual should obtain the identical scores

achievement test

a test of developed skill or knowledge.

achievement test

The most common type of_________ is a standardized test developed to measure skills and knowledge learned in a given grade level, usually through planned instruction, such as training or classroom instruction

aptitude test

test designed to determine a person's ability in a particular skill or field of knowledge

personality test

questionnaire or other standardized instrument designed to reveal aspects of an individual's character or psychological makeup

1920s

The first personality tests were developed in the ______ and were intended to ease the process of personnel selection, particularly in the armed forces.

psychological testing

refers to the administration of psychological tests

psychological test

"an objective and standardized measure of a sample of behavior"

behavior

The term sample of _______ refers to an individual's

performance on tasks that have usually been prescribed beforehand.

regardless of who happens to be his examiner.

intelligence test

test designed to measure the ability to think and reason rather than acquired knowledge.

• administered to individuals

• admnistered to groups

There are two major types of intelligence test:

group intelligence test

• the name describing an intelligence test that is given to all members of a group at the same time.

• given to all 100 members at the same time."

compelling interest test

Legal Definition. n. In constitutional law, a method for determining the constitutionality of a statute that restricts the practice of a fundamental right or distinguishes between people due to a suspect classification.

leadership test

• Identify what executive training programs are right for you

• Tests are often intimidating.

leadership assessment tools

one of a variety of__________- offered by good business schools to evaluate top management, doesn't have to be regarded that way.

projective test

a type of personality test in which an individual offers responses to ambiguous scenes, words, or images

Rorschach inkblot test

Lilienfeld and others reported that 82 percent of clinical psychologists administered the _________, one of the most popular projective tests, at least occasionally

individual therapy

(sometimes called “psychotherapy” or “counseling”) is a process through which clients work one-on-one with a trained therapist—in a safe, caring, and confidential environment—to explore their feelings, beliefs, or behaviors, work through challenging or influential memories, identify aspects of their personality

group therapy

form of psychotherapy that involves one or more therapists working with several people at the same time. This type of therapy is widely available at a variety of locations including private therapeutic practices, hospitals, mental health clinics, and community centers

conjoint therapy

approach to treatment where two or more clients are seen together in a therapy session. This type of therapy may be used in marriage counseling or to deal with issues between a parent and a child

Family therapy

• type of psychological counseling (psychotherapy) that can help family members improve communication and resolve conflicts.

• is usually provided by a psychologist, clinical social worker or licensed therapist.

community therapy

a participative, group-based approach to long term mental illness, personality disorders and drug addiction. The approach was usually residential, with the clients and therapists living together, but increasingly residential units have been superseded by day units.

mental hospitals

This is an institution where patients with psychiatric disorders live while receiving treatment.

prison system

A place for the confinement and punishment of persons convicted of crimes, especially felonies. A state of imprisonment or captivity: years spent in prison.

special school

• school catering for students who have special educational needs due to severe learning difficulties, physical disabilities or behavioral problems

• may be specifically designed, staffed and resourced to provide appropriate special education for children with additional needs.

Residential Drug Abuse Program (RDAP)

an intensive nine month, 500-hoursubstance abuse rehabilitation program administered by the United States Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP), offered to federal prisoners who qualify and voluntarily elect to enroll.

alcohol rehabilitation programs

can be inpatient or outpatient and include treatment services that are adapted to the needs of each individual patient. They provide detox services, psychological treatment and counseling

counseling centers

provides mental health and other services within a university or college environment. ... Lehigh University Counseling and Psychological Services (UCPS) is an example