ch 10 cardiovascular, immune, lymphatic systems, and blood

heart

muscular cone shaped organ the size of a fist, located behind the sternum (breast bone) and between the lungs

atrioventricular

consists of the tricuspid and mitral valves, which lie between the right atrium and the right ventricle and the left atrium and left ventricle. keep blood flowing in one direction

semilunar valves

pulmonary and aortic valves located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between the left ventricle and the aorta

pericardium

2 layer sac surrounding the heart, consisting of an external fibrous and internal serous layer. the internal serous layer is the divided into 2 parts: the outer layer called the parietal pericardium and the inner layer called the epicardium. between these is the pericardial space which contains fluid produced by the serous layer that facilitates movement of the heart

epicardium

outer lining cover the heart, also part of the pericardium

myocardium

middle, thick, muscular layer of the heart

endocardium

inner lining of the heart

blood vessels

tubelike structures that carry blood throughout the body

arteries

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. all arteries with the exception of the pulmonary artery, carry oxygen and other nutrients from the heart to the body cells. the pulmonary artery carries carbon dioxide and other waste products from the heart to the lungs

arterioles

smallest arteries

aorta

largest artery in the body, which originates at the left ventricle, briefly ascends as the arch of the aorta, then descends through the thorax and abdomen

veins

blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. all veins with the exception of the pulmonary veins, carry blood containing carbon dioxide and other waste products.

pulmonary veins

carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

venules

smallest veins

venae cavae

largest veins in the body

inferior vena cava

carries blood to the heart from body parts below the diaphragm

superior vena cava

returns blood to the heart from the upper part of the body

capillaries

microscopic blood vessels that connect arterioles with venules. materials are passed between the blood and tissue through the capillary walls

blood

fluid circulated through the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins. composed of plasma and formed elements such as erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes (platelets)

plasma

clear, straw colored, liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspended. approx 90% water other 10% is composed of solutes (dissolved substances) which include proteins, electrolytes, and vitamins. approx 55% of total blood volume

serum

clear, watery fluid portion of the blood that remains after a clot has formed

erythrocytes

red blood cells that carry oxygen, develop in blood marrow

leukocytes

white blood cells that combat infection and respond to inflammation. there are 5 types of white blood cells

thrombocytes

one of the formed elements in the blood that is responsible for aiding in the clotting process (platelets)

lymph

transparent, colorless, tissue fluid, contains lymphocytes and monocytes and flows in a one way direction to the heart

lymphatic vessels

transport lymph from body tissues into the right and left subclavian veins, which then empty into the superior vena cava. begin as capillaries spread throughout the body then merge into larger tubes that eventually become ducts in the chest. they provide a one way flow for lymph, which enters through veins into the circulatory system

lymph nodes

small, spherical bodies composed of lymphoid tissue. they may be singular or grouped together along the path of the lymph vessels. the nodes filter lymph to keep substances such as bacteria and other foreign agents from entering the blood. they also produce lymphocytes

spleen

located in the left side of the abdominal cavity between the stomach and the diaphragm. largest lymphatic organ in the body in adulthood. blood, rather than lymph, flows through the spleen. blood is cleared of microorganisms in the here. stores blood and destroys worn out red blood cells

thymus gland

one of the primary lymphatic organs, it is located anterior to the ascending aorta and posterior to the sternum between the lungs. it plays an important role in the development of the bodys immune system particularly from infancy to puberty. around puberty the thymus gland shrinks so that most of the gland is connective tissue

angi/o

vessel

aort/o

aorta

arteri/o

artery

atri/o

atrium

cardi/o

heart

lymph/o

lymph, lymph tissue

lymphaden/o

lymph node

myel/o

bone marrow

phleb/o, ven/o

vein

plasm/o

plasma

splen/o

spleen

thym/o

thymus gland

valv/o, valvul/o

valve

ventricul/o

ventricle

ather/o

yellowish, fatty plaque

ech/o

sound

electr/o

electricity, electrical activity

isch/o

deficiency, blockage

therm/o

heat

thromb/o

clot

brady-

slow

endo-, intra-

within

pan-

all, total

-apheresis

remov

-ar, -ic, -ous

pertaining to

-emia -genic

in the blood

-genic

producing, originating, causing

-gram

the record, radiographic image

-graphy

process of recording, radiographic imaging

-ia

diseased or abnormal stae, co

-ism it

state of

-itis

inflammation

-logist

one who studies and treats (specialist, physician)

-logy

study of

-lysis

loosening, dissolution, separating

-megaly

enlargement

-oma

tumor, swelling

peri-

surrounding (outer)

poly

many, much

tachy-

fast, rapid

-centesis

surgical puncture to aspirate fluid (with a sterile needle)

-ectomy

excision, surgical removal

-osis

abnormal condition

-pathy

disease

-penia

abnormal reduction in number

-plasty

surgical repair

-rrhage

excessive flow

-rrhaphy

suturing, repairing

-sclerosis

hardening

-scopy

visual examination

-stasis

control, stop, standing

-stenosis

constriction or narrowing

-us

no meaning

angioma

tumor composed of blood vessels

angiostenosis

narrowing of a blood vessel

aortic stenosis

narrowing, pertaining to aorta (narrowing of the aortic valve)

arteriosclerosis

hardening of the arteries

atherosclerosis

hardening of fatty plaque

bradycardia

condition of a slow heart rate (rate less than 60 beats per min)

cardiomegaly

enlargement of the heart

cardiomyopathy

disease of the heart muscle

endocarditis

inflammation of the inner (lining) of the heart (particularly heart valves)

ischemia

deficiency in blood (flow). caused by constriction or obstruction of a blood vessel

myocarditis

inflammation of the muscle of the heart

pericarditis

inflammation of

phlebitis

inflammation of a vein

polyarteritis

inflammation of many sites in the arteries

tachycardia

condition of a rapid heart rate (more than 100 beats per min)

thrombophlebitis

inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot

valvulitis

i

lymphadenitis

inflammation of lymph nodes