Ochem Basics

CARDIO

acid strength

Bigger the molecular size

higher the melting and boiling points

More branching

lower the melting and boiling point unless symmetrical

rank the following in terms of melting point: most branched and symmetrical, moderately branched, least branched

moderately branched, least branched, most branched and symmetrical

Acid base reactions favor

formation of weaker acid (higher pKa)

Carboxylic Acid Derivative Acid Ranking from least to most

ester, ketone, aldehyde, carboxylic acid

More positive the charge

stronger the acid

Bigger the atomic radius

stronger the acid

Smaller the electronegativity

weaker the acid

The more electronegative atoms

Stronger the acid

The more polar a molecule

The more soluble

Equilibrium favors … form

keto

Equilibrium between ketone and aldehyde

enol

Bronsted-Lowry Acid

Proton donor

Bronsted-Lowry Base

Proton acceptor

Arrhemius Base

OH- producer

Arrhemius Acid

H+ producer

Lewis acid

Electron acceptor

Lewis Base

Electron donor

Name Ranking Priority

Carboxylic Ask Ester How Amazing Needing A Krisp, Alcoholic, Tall, Ale After Hours

Carboxylic Ask Ester How Amazing Needing A Krisp, Alcoholic, Tall, Ale After Hours

carboxylic acid, acid anhydride, ester, acid halide, amide, nitrile, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol, thiol, amine, alkene, alkyne, alkoxy, halogen

Spiro compound naming

spiro[small, big]parent chain

Bicyclic compound naming

bicyclo[big, small, shared C in bridge]parent chain

Cyclohexanecarboxamide

Aldehyde prefix

-oxo-

Ketone prefix

-oxo-

Alcohol prefix

-hydroxy-

Ether prefix

-alkoxy-

Acid andrydride naming

Alphabetical order and add anhydride

Ethanoic proanoic anhydride

Acid halide suffix

-oyl halide

Thiol prefix

-mercapto-

2-mercaptobutan-1-ol

Sulfide prefix

alkylthio

3 ethylthioprop-1-ene

Formic Acid

Acetic acid

Acetone

Formaldehyde

Nitrobenzene

Benzaldehyde

Aniline

Toluene

Anisole

Phenol

Styrene

4-methoxophenol

Ideal C-C-C bond angle

109.5

Axial substitutents

Straight up and down

Equatorial substituents

angled up and down

When chair flipped

All axial become equatorial and vice versa

Bulky groups should be

equatorial

2ⁿ Rule

Max # of steroisomer = 2^{# chiral centers}

Chiral molecules rotate

plane-polarized light

Enantiomers rotate

light equally in opposite directions

Racemic mixtures are

optically inactive

“#“ of stereoisomers for meso compound

2ⁿ-1

Fisher projection line meanings

Horizontal = wedges and vertical = dashes

If lowest priority on vertical in fisher

R/S is normal

If lowest priority on horizontal in fisher

R/S is reversed

Alkenes act as

nucleophiles

Nucleophiles are

electron rich with a lone pari of pi bond and donate electrons

Markovnikov

nucleophile adds to more substituted carbon

Anti-Markovnikov

nucleophile adds to less substituted carbon

Syn Addition

Both groups added to same face

Anti Addition

Groups add to opposite faces

Ester suffix

-oate

Para

substituents are opposite

Ortho

substituents are adjacent/next to each other

Meta

substituents are separated by one carbon