GloPo Human rights

"What UN resolution targeted FGM?"

"UN General Assembly Resolution 67/146 (2012) — 'Eliminating Female Genital Mutilation.'"

"Approximately how many women and girls are affected by FGM globally?"

"Around 200 million women and girls across 30+ countries."

"Which regions are most associated with FGM?"

"Sub-Saharan Africa and the MENA region."

"What did Resolution 67/146 call on states to do?"

"Condemn FGM, pass legislation, and integrate anti-FGM efforts into health and education policy."

"Which UN Charter principle was used to oppose the resolution?"

"Article 2(1) — sovereign equality and non-interference."

"What NGO led the community-based anti-FGM approach in Senegal?"

"Tostan."

"When did the Tostan model begin?"

"1997 onwards."

"Which village publicly abandoned FGM after Tostan’s work?"

"Malicounda Bambara."

"By 2012, how many communities had abandoned FGM through Tostan-related efforts?"

"Over 5,000 communities."

"Which countries were affected by Tostan’s anti-FGM campaigns?"

"Senegal, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Gambia, Burkina Faso, and Somalia."

"Which treaties set 18 as the minimum age for marriage?"

"CRC Article 16 and CEDAW Article 16(2)."

"Which SDG target aimed to end child marriage by 2030?"

"Sustainable Development Goal Target 5.3."

"Which countries were highlighted as high-prevalence child marriage states?"

"Niger, Bangladesh, Mali, and South Sudan."

"Which organisation rejected top-down criminalisation of child marriage?"

"Girls Not Brides."

"Approximately how many NGOs are part of Girls Not Brides?"

"Over 1,000 NGOs."

"Which Ethiopian region became a major example of successful reform?"

"Amhara region."

"Why did Girls Not Brides oppose criminalisation-first approaches?"

"Families often moved to unregistered marriages, leaving girls with fewer legal protections."

"What community actors did Girls Not Brides work with?"

"Religious leaders, community elders, and economic cooperatives."

"When did the Rohingya crisis intensify?"

"2016–ongoing."

"Which minority group was targeted in Myanmar?"

"The Muslim Rohingya in Rakhine State."

"Which country received most Rohingya refugees?"

"Bangladesh."

"Which UDHR articles were violated according to the notes?"

"Articles 3, 5, and 9."

"Which countries vetoed UNSC action?"

"China and Russia."

"Which principle was not applied during the crisis?"

"Responsibility to Protect (R2P)."

"Which country brought a genocide case against Myanmar at the ICJ?"

"The Gambia."

"When did The Gambia bring the ICJ case?"

"2019."

"When did the ICJ issue provisional measures?"

"January 2020."

"Which international treaty enabled the ICJ case?"

"The Genocide Convention."

"What was the North Korean famine commonly called?"

"The Arduous March."

"When did the famine occur?"

"1994–1998."

"What system controlled food distribution in North Korea?"

"The Public Distribution System (PDS)."

"Which groups suffered most during the famine?"

"Working-class citizens, children, the elderly, and people outside Pyongyang."

"Which international organisations attempted to provide aid?"

"The UN, Red Cross, World Food Programme, and Doctors Without Borders."

"Why did food production collapse after the Soviet Union fell?"

"Fuel and fertiliser imports drastically dropped."

"Which city received preferential food access?"

"Pyongyang."

"Which UDHR article mentions food as a human right?"

"Article 25."

"When were the PRISM revelations exposed?"

"2013."

"Who leaked the NSA documents?"

"Edward Snowden."

"Which surveillance program was revealed?"

"PRISM."

"Which companies were linked to PRISM data collection?"

"Google, Microsoft, and Yahoo."

"Which newspapers worked on the leaks?"

"The Guardian and The Washington Post."

"Where did Snowden meet journalists in 2013?"

"Hong Kong."

"Which event led to expanded US surveillance powers?"

"The 9/11 attacks."

"Which UDHR article protects privacy?"

"Article 12."

"What term describes people speaking less freely because they feel monitored?"

"The chilling effect."

"Which court challenged UK anti-terror detention policies?"

"The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)."

"Which convention does the ECtHR interpret?"

"The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)."

"What period is associated with this case study?"

"2011–2016."

"What anti-terror measures did the UK initially use?"

"Indefinite detention without ordinary criminal trials."

"What replacement measures did the UK later use?"

"Electronic tagging and house arrest restrictions."

"Which ECHR article did the ECtHR say the UK violated?"

"Article 5 — liberty and security of person."

"What controversial legal practice was criticised in the UK system?"

"Secret evidence withheld from defendants."

"When did the #MeToo movement become global?"

"2017–present."

"Which powerful film producer became central to the allegations?"

"Harvey Weinstein."

"Which newspapers were important in exposing allegations?"

"The New York Times and The New Yorker."

"Which governor resigned because of public pressure linked to misconduct allegations?"

"Andrew Cuomo, Governor of New York."

"Which company revised workplace misconduct policy after #MeToo pressure?"

"Google."

"What broader issue did #MeToo expose?"

"Institutions often minimised harassment complaints and protected powerful individuals." ```

When did SAF vs RSF start?

April 2023

SAF (Sudanese Armed Forces)

Sudan’s national military

RSF (Rapid Support Forces)

Powerful paramilitary force

Darfur Human Rights Crisis (what groups)

Region with genocide against Fur and Zaghawa communities

which humanitarian laws violated in Sudan Case Study?

geneva conventions and genocide convention

which body investigated sudan for crimes against humanity

international criminal court

how many people displaced in sudan?

14 milion people

UAE motivation in sudan and who they supported

UAE supported RSF due to gold trade networks

Egypt motivation in sudan and who they supported

SAF. regional stability

In which country was ICCPR applied?

Canada

Who was the refugee in canada for ICCPR and from? who invoked ICCPR and why?

Diene Kaba
UN Human Rights Committee
daughter at risk for FGM in Guinea

Canda/Kaba which article of ICCPR violated

 Article 7 of the ICCPR

No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment

state which doesn’t listen to westernised NGOs being relativist

Afghanistan with child marriage

Ghana bill and what was it against

• Ghana anti-LGBTQ bill (Human Sexual Rights and Family Values Bill) Prison sentences for same-sex relations. 

• against the UDHR freedom of expression

• critisiced by human rights watch

example of too much relativism diluting movments for human rights

• NGO-led “Alternative Rites of Passage” in Kenya became an issue

• secret FGM

• too much cultural backlash for an uncut girl so they compromise too much with child marriage and propogating patriarchal norms

Criticisms of the UDHR for communal rights (China).

• China cares a lot about collective stability

• State over individual, ideological uniformity

how do chinese communal rights cover other violations?

• Freedom of expression, access to information 

• China restricts access to content. Major news outlets like New York Times, Tiananmen square massacre information, Uyghur rights, are all hidden.

Bad things of gacaca courts in rwandan genocide

• Gacaca courts after Rwandan genocide

• Due process, unqualified judges, no representation, no innocent till guilty

• Victor’s justice

who were the losers who were discriminated against in gacaca courts?

tutsi

justification for gacaca courts

less impunity, truth, reconciliation, court backlog