nursing principles exam 3

BMR

how many calories are required to maintain the minimum amount of body function

1 cal/kg

BMR for men

0.9 cal/kg

BMR for women

growth, infections, fever, emotional tension, extreme environmental temperatures, elevated levels of certain hormones

factors that increase BMR

aging, prolonged fasting, sleep

factors that decrease BMR

carbohydrates, protein, lipids

nutrients that supply energy

electrolytes, vitamins, minerals, water

nutrients that regulate body processes

50-100g

amount of carbs needed daily to prevent ketosis

mouth

where the digestion of simple sugars are absorbed

glucose

molecule that carbs are converted into for transport through the blood

ketosis

the breakdown of proteins when there is a lack of carbohydrates, can cause herniation in the brain

protein

required for formation of all body structures

complete proteins

animal proteins are labeled

incomplete proteins

plant proteins are labeled

0.8g/kg

RDA for protein for adults

vitamins

organic compounds needed by the body in small amounts, most are active in the form of coenzymes

ADEK

fat soluble vitamins

BC

water soluble vitamins

vitamin A

important for vision

vitamin D

important for calcium absorption

vitamin E

important for wound healing

vitamin K

important in blood clotting

vitamin C

collagen synthesis, wound healing, immune function

vitamin B12

nerve function, DNA synthesis, RBC production

vitamin B9

essential in pregnancy, prevents neural tube defects, DNA synthesis

minerals

organic elements found in all body fluids and tissues, provide structure in body or help regulate body processes

calcium, phosphorous, magnesium

macrominerals

iron, zinc, manganese, and iodine

microminerals

water

provides fluid medium necessary for all chemical reactions in the body, acts as a solvent and aids digestion, absorption, circulation, and excretion

24-hour recall method

quickest way to assess diet, ask if this diet is typical

nasogastric tube

common temporary nutritional support, puts tube through nose until patient coughs because tube hit gag reflex, have patient drink water to open epiglottis and allow tube to drop, test pH

gastric tube

puts tube into stomach, also called PEG tube

parenteral tube

IV nutrition, see in oncology

large intestine

primary organ for bowel elimination

small intestine

most absorption and most processing occurs

absorption of water, formation of feces, expulsion of feces from the body

functions of large intestine

peristalsis

contraction and relaxation of muscles to push the food through colon

haustrations

allow for churning within each segment

2-3 years

when bowel control is achieved