Final Exam Cell & Molecular bites nails

Proteins are a polymer of…

Amino acids joined by peptide bonds

What part of phospholipids form a permeability barrier in cell membranes?

The hydrophobic (nonpolar) fatty acids.

The Calvin Cycle only occurs in the dark T/F?

F

Independent assortment is the…

Random alignment and separation of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I.

What molecules catalyzes the synthesis of peptide bonds during translation?

The 23S rRNA molecule

What is the TEA for respiration?

O2

What is the monomer and bonds for amino acids?

Amino acids and peptide

Whta is the monomer and bonds for nucleic acids?

Nucleotides and Phosphodiester

What is the monomer and bond for carbs?

monosaccharides and glycosidic

What is the number 1 monomer?

Lipids

WHAT IS UR FAV COLOR?

RED :DDDD

Membranes have..

proteins

How is the permeability (phospholipid) barrier created

the polar head group & fatty acid components are nonpolar (hydrophobic). Nonpolar things no matter their size can pass thru.

Polar and Nonpolar

Ampipathic

The backbones of molecules contain what…

carbon atoms

What is the valence of Carbon?

4

What is valence?

How many covalent bonds it can from.

Why is carbon important?

Critical to backbone, valence of 4, properties come from what binds to carbon

Why water is essential for life?

A polar molecule, bonds between H and O is polar covalent, not shared equally (H slight positive, O slight negative) High specific heat due to polarity, an excellent solvent

Hydrogen bonds are strong or weak?

Weak.

membranes are rigid T/F? (do they flip from one side of another?)

F

What is the fluid mosaic model?

Mosaic: have a mixture of different types of lipids and proteins

Fluid: molecules within membranes can move about, but the membrane is rigid (cannot flip from one side to another)

Properties to double helix?

Uniform diameter, Antiparallel

What is

What is exposed in Major & Minor grooves of double helix?

Nitrogenous base

Proteins can bind to specific DNA sequences how?

nitrogenous bases are exposed in the major and minor grooves

What is on outside if double helix

sugar phosphate backbone

Steps of oxidative phosphorylation

Synthesis of ATP from ADP and pi, driven by H+ gradient, created in the transport chain

Oxidative phos. needs TEA?

yes

Where does the H+ gradient come from?

e- transport chain

What does DNA polymerase require to carry out DNA synthesis?

Template, dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP, primer (for 3’-OH)

What is the definition of a cell?

the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms. It is the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently and is often called the "building block of life"

What are the properties of covalent bonds?

A chemical bond where 2 atoms share 2 or more electrons. Strong, provides structural support/integrity for molecules, stable, common.

What are the properties of non-covalent bonds?

They do not involve the sharing of electrons. weaker, less stable. easily formed and broken

What are the properties of electrostatic bonds?

occur between opposite charges. Weak bonds that can be broken easily.

What are the properties of hydrogen bonds?

when a hydrogen atom is shared between 2 other atoms.

What are the properties of hydrophobic attractions?

not a chemical bond, when molecules interact to exclude water.

What are the properties of carbon atoms? Why is it important?

Has a valence of 4 and can form 4 covalent bonds, great diversity

What are the properties of water? Why is it important?

it is essential for life, has a high specific heat, high surface tension, does not undergo rapid changes in temperature, is cohesive. An excellent solvent

What are the functions and properties of proteins?

Proteins are polymers composed of amino acids. They are catalysts, used for transport, structure, defense, signaling, movement, regulation of gene expression. They can do all this because the 20 amino acids have diverse sizes, shapes, and properties. the sequence of amino acids in each protein is unique

What are the functions and properties of carbs?

They provide energy, used for structure, cell signaling/identity, multiple hydroxyl groups

What are the functions and properties of lipids?

hydrophobic, have a high % of hydrocarbons. Have biological membranes, energy storage, cell signaling.

What are the functions and properties of nucleic acid?

Main information carrying molecules of the cell. Have double helix structure

What are the functions and properties of the double helix?

Has nitrogenous bases that are exposed in the major and minor grooves, form hydrogen bonds.

What is the definition of a gene?

A nucleic acid sequence that encodes a RNA molecule or a protein

What is the definition of an allele?

different forms of the same gene.

How do proteins bind to specific DNA sequences?

The major and minor grooves

What are the basic properties and functions of biological membranes?

They form cells and enable separation between the inside and outside of an organism, controlling by means of their selective permeability which substances enter and leave. By allowing gradients of ions to be created across them, membranes also enable living organisms to generate energy. In addition, they control the flow of messages between cells by sending, receiving and processing information in the form of chemical and electrical signals.

How does the fluid mosaic model accurately describe the properties of biological membranes?

How do different types of molecules pass through biological membranes? Know reasons why

Selective permeability.

What are the basic properties of viruses?

Why are viruses not considered cells?

How do vaccines work?

What are the different types of vaccines?

How do flu pandemics arise?

What components/structures are present in all cells?

What are the differences between bacterial and
eukaryotic cells?

What is the evidence that supports the Endosymbiotic Theory (and know the theory)?

What are the functions of the nucleus?

What are the functions of the ribosome?

What are the functions of the lysosome?

What are the functions of the mitochondria?

What are the functions of the chloroplasts?

What is the role of ATP in a cell?

Why does ATP function as the cell’s energy currency?

How do enzymes function as biological catalysts?

What are the basic properties of the enzyme’s
active site?

how does an enzyme interact with its substrate?

What model describes protein-substrate interactions? How does this model explain the ability of enzymes to catalyze reactions?

What are the major themes of metabolism?

how are metabolic pathways regulated?

What is glycolysis and what is its function in the cell?

How is glycolysis regulated?

What is fermentation and what is its function?

What is the function of the citric acid cycle?

Know the transfer of electrons for oxidation-reduction reactions

What are the steps of oxidative phosphorylation and how does this provide most of a cell’s ATP?

What are the two parts of photosynthesis and how do these work together to form carbohydrates in plants from CO2?

What is the purpose of meiosis?

How does meiosis produce genetic diversity in the gametes?

What is the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids?

What are crossing over and independent assortment?

What is the purpose of mitosis?

How genetically related are the daughter cells produced in
mitosis?

What are separated in anaphase of mitosis?

What is the air-speed velocity of an unladen swallow?

What is the flow of information as described in Crick’s Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?

Why did retroviruses seem to be an exception to the Central Dogma?

What does DNA polymerase require to carry out DNA synthesis?

Know how DNA polymerase synthesizes a new DNA strand and can correct errors.

Is DNA replication conservative, semi-conservative, dispersive, semi-liberal or liberal?

Know how synthesis is carried out on the leading
and lagging strands.

For DNA replication, transcription and translation: know the key molecules and steps in the processes.

Know the differences between a start codon, origin of replication, a promoter, a primer, and ribosome-binding site.

What is the function of tRNA molecules in translation?

What are the key properties of the genetic code?

What is a codon?

What is a mutation and how do cells prevent mutations?

Know how cells repair DNA damage.

How do cancer cells differ from healthy cells?