logical fallicies

appeal to improper authority

expert opinion outside area of ethos

appeal to biased authority

expert opinion within ethos but objectivity is compromised and needs to be double checked

bandwagon approach

argues that if popular then it is right, basically trend follower

appeal to tradition

overlooks changes in circumstances that might need to change

appeal to pity

doing the right thing might make someone unhappya

ad hominem

subs statement of character for the merit of their ideas, but your character has nothing to do with your claim

patriotic appeal

frames rational argument in emotional appeal to love your country

snob appeal

the “best” people think a certain way and buy certain things

argument from lack of evidence

if you can’t disprove it then it’s true, claimer avoids proving

non sequitur

conclusion doesn’t follow premises, gap in the thought process

post hoc

it came after x so it must be caused by x, ex. lucky socks

hasty generalization

too few examples to induce a pattern/conclusion, basically jumping to conclusions

faulty analogy

comparison that’s innappropriate or went too far

argument from the negative

if x is false then y is true, bad effort to prove a statement

false dilemma

falsely asserts an “either/or” situation when other possibilities exist

loaded question

yes/no q worded to force admission of something, trick question

slippery slope

false claim of an unstoppable domino effect/chain reaction

petitio principi

using claim/opinion as evidence, not true, bad premise leads to a bad conclusion

circular reasoning

piece of evidence is that same as conclusion/claim just reworded

red herring

distracting someone by changing the subject

stacking the deck

positively cherry picking examples while pretending to give the full picture

poisoning the well

negatively cherry picking

equivocation

switching the definitions of a word

straw man

pretending the opponent said something else, putting words into someone’s mouth