Psychotherapy w3-4

Carl Rodgers

• founder humanistic psychology

• first psychotherapy researcher

• most influential psychologist of all time

• first to record sessions

• process-outcome research

• therapists role is to facilitate

verschillen cct met psychoanalysis

• emphasis on [ast, pathologhy and unconscious conflicts

• lack of focus on present experience

• Rogers found it too distant, hierachical and intellectually abstract

cct verschillen met behavioral

• focused on observable behavior and conditioning

• neglected emotions, subjective experience and inner life

• rogers believed people werent passive recipients of external stimuli

Rogers model

• client expert of own experience

• client defines their own goals

• therapist listens, reflects, accepts and facilitates the clients self-disclosure

• no techniques, just environment of acceptance

• growth through clients self-discovery

• client seen as person with growth potential, not patient

actualizing tendency

capacity for growth, personality is structure in process

therapy goal cct

not just symptom relief, but restoring growth and congruence. change happens when client is in touch with their inner experiences

therapist do’s cct

• guide through growth process

• focus on what happens moment by moment

• flexible setting (no duration)

• genuine, empathic and accepting

• relfect clients experience

therapist don’ts cct

• propose techniques

• confront/ evaluate deeper issues

• oppose clients resistance

• direct client or process

• set goals for client

• interpreteren

therapeutic relationship in cct

main mechanisms of change, boost self-efficacy, self-empathy, act as a corrective experience

problems with cct

• dependency on the therapist

• not structured enough

• not cost effective

• insufficient attention to unconscious dynamics, systemic issues, cognitions and behavior

therapist responsiveness

therapist adapt their behaviors, interventions, and relational approach in the moment, based on client needs, signals and unfolding process

• predicts treatment outcomes, therapeutic alliance ratings and therapist effects

3 core condions cct rogers

1. congruence= close matching, congruence, between what is being experienced at the gut level, what is present in awareness and what is expressed to the client

2. unconditional positive regard= positive. non-judgemental, accepting attitude

3. empathy= therapist senses accurately the feelings and personal meanings that client is experiencing and communicates this

the concept of the self

1. flexibiliteit= wanneer persoon open voor nieuwe informatie vindt groei plaats

2. rigiditeit= wanneer het zelfbeeld rigide wordt vastgehouden (vaak door opgelegde sociale normen), ontstaat er psychologisch disfunctioneren.

bron van dysfunctioneren volgens cct

1. incongruentie innerlijke ervaring en zelfconcept

2. conditions of worth: negeren innerlijke wijsheid door standaarden anderen

3. emotionele disregulatie: onvermogen om toegang te krijgen tot adaptieve emoties of vastzitten malaptieve emoties door trauma’s uit het verleden

goal cognitive therapy

change unwanted emotions and mental states

ct techniques

1. socratic questioning: hoe geloofwaardig wat er om ging in je hoofd, alternatieve verklaring maken en hoe geloofwaardig is de eerste gedachte nu

2. behavioral experiment: alternatieve hypothese opstellen voor experiment en uitvoeren

3. indentificeren van cognitieve vervormingen

negative automatic thoughts

thoughts that come rapidly, automatically and involluntary to mind when stressed/upset

• treatment eerst focus hierop to effect symptom relief, short term ct focus primarily on this

common distortions or biases ct

• all-or-nothing thinking

• mind reading

• labelling

• jumping to conclusions

• emotional reasoning

behandelingskenmerken ct

• focus op hier en nu

• zelftherapie (doel overdracht verantwoordelijkheid naar client)

• terugvalbeheer (tegenslagen gezien als leermomenten)

downward arrow technique

een methode waarbij de therapeut doorvraagt op de betekenis van een automatische gedachte om onderliggende kernovertuigingen bloot te leggen