Exam 4 UCA Dr. Martin Urinary and Digestive

Parts of the Urinary System

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

kidney function

produces urine

Ureters function

drain urine from kidneys

urinary bladder

Collects and releases urine

Uretha

Drains urinary bladder

Nephron

Urine production takes place

2 parts of Nephron Loop

Glomerulus

Renal Tube

Glomerulus

Porous capillary bed (strainer)

Renal Tubule Parts

Bowman's Capsule

Proximal Tubule

Loop of Henle

Distal Tubule

Peritubular Capillaries

Reabsorbtion

Filtrate Process

Filters out of glamorous through the blood to Bowman's Capsule > Proximal Tubule >Loop of Henle >

Distal Tubule to collecting duct

Process of Urine Production

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

Glumerular Filtration

Blood filtered at glumerulus

What doesn't get filtered

RBC WBC Platelets Proteins

Too big to fit through porous

What drives filtration?

renal blood flow and blood pressure

Intake = Output

BV= filtration = UP Flow

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

Volume produced by kidneys per minute

If patient is dehydrated

ADH will stop kidney production

BV DOWN= Filtration DOWN

What determines GFR?

Low BV = GFR DOWN

DOWN CO = GFR DOWN

Heart attack = GFR DOWN

Bleeding = GFR DOWN

ADH UP = Urinary Output DOWN

Direct correlation BV down = GFR down = UO down

Tubular Reabsorption

Filter > Blood > Keep

Renal Tubular Peritubular Capillaries

Why does our body need Tubular Reabsorption?

To keep nutrients we need

**Pee off:

Aldosterone

Na+ Reabsorb / K+ discard

**Keep:

Water

ADH

Tubular Secretion

Blood PT Capillaries > Filtrate Renal Tubule > Lose Excess

Get rid of anything in excess of ex: K+

**Opposite of Reabsorption

Total Body Water

amount of water within the body

Intracellular

Extracellular

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Outside Cells

2 Compartments:

Interstitial Fluid - Between Cells 80% ECF

Plasma - Blood - Blood Stream 20% ECF

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

fluid within cells

Solvents

dissolve other substances

Ex: H2O

Solutes

particles dissolved in a solvent

Ex: Na+ is the most abundant ECF

What determines movement of concentration difference?

From an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

More Concentrated

H2O = Less

Solute = normal

H20 = Less

Solute = High

Less Concentrated

H2O = High

Solute = Normal

H20 = Normal

Solute = Less

Normal Concentrated

H20 = Normal

Solute = Normal

*** No movement

Isotonic

Normal H20 / Solute

Hypertonic

Down H20

Up Solute

***More Concentrated

Hypotonic

Up H20

Down Solute

***More Dilute

Example of Isotonic

Normal

ICF 290

ECF 290

*** No movement

Example of Hypertonic

Concentrated

ICF 290

ECF 390

*** Water will move from ICF > ECF because there is more water in the ICF

** Cells will shrink as water moves out

Example of Hypotonic

Dilute

ICF 290

ECF 190

*** Drinking more water causes ECF concentration to go down. Water will shift from ECF > ICF

**H2O moves into cells > cells expand

Patient with TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury). TBI causes the brain to swell.

- Treatment Plan: give patient hypertonic IV fluids to help reduce swelling in the brain.

Hypertonic fluids will cause cells in ICF to shrink.

Patient has disorder that causes too much ADH release. What happens to ECF osmolarity?

ADH causes water retention; which causes ECF concentration to become hypotonic. Fluid will shift from ECF to ICF, causing cells in ICF to swell.

Patient has mild/moderate blood loss. What is ECF osmolarity?

ECF will be isotonic because patient is losing isotonic blood-there is no change in concentration, just less BV.

Treatment Plan: Give patient Isotonic IV fluids to help increase BV.

Digestive System

body system the breaks down food and absorbs nutrients

GI Tract

Mouth (Proximal) > Anus (Distal)

Gastric refers to stomach

Esophagus

- Transports food from pharynx to stomach

- Non chemical / digestion process take place here; solely a transport tube

Stomach

- "Liquify" solid food (chemical digestion); liquified food is called chyme.

- HCL (Hydrochloric Acid): breaks down whatever it come in contact with; chemical digestion

- Mucus: mucus cells produce mucus to protect lining of stomach from HCL; "mucosal protection."

Small Intestine

- Absorption of nutrients (18-20ft).

- 3 anatomic regions:

duodenum (proximal), jejunum, ileum (distal)

Large Intestine

- Waste elimination; H20 absorption

8 regions (listed proximal to distal; R→L):

cecum, ascending colon, right colic flexure (hepatic), transverse colon, left colic flexure (splenic; close to the spleen), descending colon, sigmoid, rectum.

Accessory Organs

Liver / Gallbladder / Pancreas

Liver (Vital)

Produces bile: helps digest/ absorption of lipids (fat).

- Bile is necessary to absorb/ breakdown lipids; no bile, no absorption of lipids.

- Produces clotting factors

- Detoxifies NH3 (ammonia)

- Produces plasma proteins: albumin (1BV)

Gallbladder

- stores/releases bile produced by the liver; does NOT produce bile

- You can live without a gallbladder

Pancreas

- Produces enzymes (acinar cells) for chemical digestion

- These enzymes are released early in the small intestine so that chemical digestion processes are finished and the rest of the small intestine is used for absorption.