Chapter 1 and 2 : Geo and Shipping Business

How many meridians of Longitude

360

Breakdown of Longitude

1 degree = 60 mins , 1 min = 60 seconds

One minute of Latitude

one nautical mile (1852)

1 Knot in Nautical Miles

1 Nautical Mile per hour

Most common map projection

Mercator Projection

Adv and Disadv of mercator

Compass accurate, size of landmasses closer to pole bigger

What is EDCIS

Electronic chart and informatiuon system, integrates GPS, Radar , AIS and echo sounders to give info to crew.

AIS

Automatic Identification System, Satellite and radio tracking system for ships (mandatory)

apart from Moon What affects tides

Sun, (take seasons as proxy)

Why do Tides Matter

relevant as at some shallower ports ships of particular sizes can only dock at high tide

Lock Gate

gate where you dock a ship and close it behind to keep water at higher level artificially

Tide Range definition plus examples

difference between Highest Tide and Lowest Tide, can be only 1m in Mediterranian vs 15m in Novascotia canada

NAABSA

Not always safe but safely aground

Important Currents and directions

• Southern Ocean current (West to east),

• North Pacific current ( west to east at vancover latitude, east to west at Mexico),

• Labrador current;(out of labrador sea),

• Gulf stream ( across the Atlantic, west to east up to Uk and then cold down to spain and across to the Caribbean)

Most affected type of ship historically by storms

Dry Bulker (tramps)

Beaufort Scale, what is it

Way to measure wind strength and sea roughness:
0-12 levels

0-60+ knots wind speeds

0-14m wave height

0-9 Sea state (9 being very rough)

Charters consideration when choosing port

• Size of Locks

• How far from ship

• repair facilities

• port costs

• avaliablility of port agent

• location of port with respect to next port

• tides and weather

• other restrictions including bridges or cables

• political risk

Main Raw Materials traded by Sea

• Crude Oil

• Iron Ore

• Grain, (rice, Wheat, soy beans etc.)

• Petroleum Products

Main Sizes of Crude Ships

• VLCC

• Suezmax

• Aframax

Two Types of Coal

Steam Coal (power generation), Coking Coal ( steel and metals production)

Rough Stowage of Coal

1.4m³

Types of Coal Vessel

• Cape Size

• Panamax

• Handymax/Handy Size

Coal Main Exporters

Indonesia, Australia, Russia

Coal Main Importers

China, India , Japan , Korea

Grain Main Exporters

USA (25%), Brazil [21%], Argentina [12%], Ukraine [10 percent], EUUK [8%], Australia [7%], Canada [6%)

Major importers

China, Southeast Asia, Africa, EU.

Iron Ore Main Importers

China 73%, Japan 8%, Korea 5%

Major Ports for Export Crude Oil VLCC

• Ras Tanura (saudi)

• Bonny (West Africa)

Major Ports for Import VLCC

• Qingdao

• Mundra ( Gujrat)