GCU BIO-201 Exam 2

What are the 5 layers of the skin?

(From deep to superficial)

Stratum basale

Stratum spinosum

Stratum granulosum

Stratum lucidum (only in palms and soles of feet)

Stratum Corneum

What causes osteoporosis?

Deficiency of calcium

What hormone is released when CA levels are too high?

Calcitonin (*Think "can tone it down")

What hormone(s) is released when CA levels are too low?

Parathyroid & Calcitriol

Whats the difference between Appositional growth & Epiphyseal growth?

Appositional grows in width

Epiphyseal grows in length

What do ligament do?

Attach bone to bone

What do tendons do?

Attach bone to muscle

What is bone formation called?

Osteogenesis

What happens when growing stops?

Epiphyseal plate ossifies

What is ossification?

Hardening

The metatarsophalangeal joint is associated with what small bone?

Sesamoid bone (ex Patella)

What part of bone do tendons & ligaments attach to?

Periosteum

What vessels can be found in Haversian & Volkmann's canals?

Artery, Vein, & Lymph

What does the matrix of spongy bone look like?

Open network of trabeculae

What is 1/3 of Osseous tissue composed of?

CA ions

What type of bone cell resides in endosteum?

Osteoclasts

What are osteocytes?

Most common cell in bone

Where are osteocytes held?

In the Lacunae

What is the process when mesenchyme cells differentiate?

Intramembranous ossification

How does the osteoid matrix differ from bone?

It doesn't have CA ions yet

Where is the primary center of ossification located?

Diaphysis during development

What is not a function of skeletal muscles?

Store lipids (Adipose cells do this)

Muscle cells are packed with which protein filaments?

Myofibrils

Cytoplasm in animal cells is ____________ in a muscle cell.

Sarcoplasm

Sarcomeres are found in all except?

Smooth muscle (It is not striated like other muscles)

What elastic structure pulls myosin back to "normal"?

Titin filaments

What fibrous joints are on the ends of the tibia & fibula?

Syndesmoses

What type of joint sutures are mostly immovable?

Fibrous

What is true about synovial joints?

Separated by fluid-containing joint cavity

What is not true about synovial fluid?

Reduces friction & contains phagocytic cells

What is not a type of synovial joint?

Sealed joint

What type of joint is in costal cartilage of 1st rib & manubrium of sternum?

Synchondroses

What structure of a synovial joint is a band-like ligament?

Reinforcing ligament

(ex Knee joint)

All influence the stability of synovial joints except?

Bursae

What joint is multiaxial w/ a hemispherical head?

Ball & socket

What synovial joint movement where 2 surfaces slide past each other?

Gliding

Bursitis is caused by?

Friction & Fall on knee

Arthroplasty is?

Replacement of a diseased joint with prothesis

PCL prevents tibia from sliding in which direction?

Backwards

ACL prevents tibia from sliding which direction?

Forwards

What fibrous joint is where the tooth is in a bony socket?

Gomphoses

Where is cartilaginous symphysis articulation?

Between the pubic bone

Do osetocytes divide?

No

What do osteoblasts do?

Perform osteogenesis & build bone

What do osteoclasts do?

Breakdown bone matrix

What are osteoprogenitor cells?

Stem cells that undergo mitosis (Pre-Osteoblasts)

What is step 1 & 2 of Integument repair?

Bleeding occurs & Mast cells trigger an inflammatory response

What is step 3 & 4 of Integument repair?

A scab stabilizes & protects area then fibroblasts produce scar tissue

What is step 5 & 6 of Integument repair?

Inflammation decreases, clot disintegrates and fibroblasts strengthen scar tissue

What is the final step of Integument repair?

A raised keloid forms

What is inflammatory response?

Germinative cells migrate around the wound, Maccrophages then clean the area, and fibroblats and endothelial cells produce granulation tissue

What do your sebaceous glands (Holocrine) do?

Produce oil

(Lubricant for skin & kills bacteria)

What do you Ceruminous glands (Apocrine) do?

Creates sticky cerumen (earwax)

What do the mammary glands (Apocrine) do?

Secrete milk

What are the 2 types of seat glands?

Eccrine & Apocrine

What does the Eccrine (Merocrine) sweat gland do?

Cools skin

(Found in palms, soles of feet, & forehead)

What is sweat released by?

Exocytosis

What do Apocrine (Merocrine) sweat glands do?

Secretes fatty acids, proteins, and sexual scent through normal sweating

(Found in armpits and anogenital areas)

What are the 4 tissue types?

Epithelial

Connective

Muscular

Nervous/Neural

What tissue type is in the mammary glands, sweat glands, & salivary gland duct?

Stratified epithelium

Glandular epithelium has which 2 types of glands?

Endocrine & Exocrine

What do Enodcrine glands secrete?

Hormones

What do Exocrine glands secrete?

Sweat tears, & oil

What is the mode of secretion in Apocrine glands?

Secrete by shedding cytoplasm

(Mammary glands)

What is the mode of secretion in Merocrine glands?

Secretes by exocytosis in vesicle

(Most seat glands & salivary glands)

What is the mode of secretion in Holocrine glands?

Fill up, rupture, & die

(sebaceous glands)

Which direction to Haversian canals go?

Vertical

Which direction does Volkmann's Canals go?

Perpendicular to central canal

(sideways/horizontal)

What are Mesenchymal cells?

Stem cells that respond to injury or infection & differentiate into fibroblasts, macrophages, etc.

What do Mast cells do?

Stimulate inflammation after injury or infection; Release histamine or heparin (Basophils)

What does Reticular connective tissue do?

Provides support & Forms stroma of lymphoid organs

(Lymph nodes, Sleen, Liver, & bone marrow)

What is an immovable joint?

Synarthroses

(ex Sutures in skull)

What is a slightly movable joint?

Amphiarthroses

(ex Intervertebral discs, ribs)

What are freely movable joints?

Diarthroses

(ex Shoulder, hips, knees, elbow, etc.)