Functions of Structures

masseter muscle

elevation of the mandible; pulls the mandible up to close the

mouth

facial nerve (CN VII)

takes motor info to head muscles, controls facial expressions

Parotid Gland

Swallowing, initiating carbohydrate digestion via the enzyme amylase, and produces saliva while chewing

parotid duct

carry saliva from gland to oral cavity

submandibular gland

produce saliva at rest

sublingual gland

produces thick mucus

tongue

facilitating taste, aiding in mastication (chewing) and swallowing, and enabling speech

tongue papillae

stores taste buds

epiglottis

prevents food / water from entering trachea

esophagus

carry food and liquid from your pharynx to your stomach

small intestine

nutrient absorption

liver

production of bile for digestion

gallbladder

storage of bile

stomach

• Temporarily store food.

• Contract and relax to mix and break down food.

• Produce enzymes and other specialized cells to digest food.

pyloric sphincter and valve

absorbs the bulk of the nutrients from chyme

large intestine

forms feces, absorbs water / vitamins

cecum

absorb fluid and salt

rectum

hold fecal matter

spleen

filters blood, destroys old erythrocytes and foreign particles from blood, and produces white blood cells to fight infection

trachea

conducts air from larynx to lungs

pancreas

produce glucagon, insulin, somatostatin

hard palate

separation of nasal and oral cavities to facilitate breathing, speech, and feeding

soft palate

aids in swallowing

thymus gland

produces T cells, immune competence

diaphragm

inspiration, increases volume of chest

umbilical vein

transport oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the placenta to the developing fetus

umbilical artery

transport deoxygenated, nutrient-depleted blood and waste products (such as carbon dioxide and urea) away from the fetus to the placenta for disposal.

urinary bladder

storage of bladder

abdominal aorta (1)

provide blood to the portion of body below diaphragm

heart

pumps blood throughout body

larynx

voice box, production of sounds

kidneys (5)

filter blood, remove waste

ureters (6)

conduct urine from kidneys

renal artery (3)

take blood to kidneys

renal vein (4)

carries blood filtered by kidneys

urethra (17)

allows urine to pass outside the body

inferior vena cava (11)

return blood to right atrium

adrenal glands (6)

produce epinephrine and norepinephrine from medulla

common iliac artery

terminal division of abdominal aorta

internal iliac artery (9)

takes blood to pelvic region

external iliac artery (8)

takes blood to thigh

femoral artery

supplies blood to thigh / lower section of body

thyroid gland (2)

produces triiodothyronine, thyroxine, calcitonin

left lung

gas exchange

right lung

gas exchange

penis 4-37

deliver sperm during intercourse and urination

testes 4-37

spermatogenesis, secretion of testosterone

epididymis

storage and maturation of sperm

urethra

passage of urine and semen

prostate gland

adds buffering fluid to the secretions of testes and seminal valves

ovary

produce oocytes that move into fallopian tube

uterus

nurtures the fertilized ovum, houses and protects growing fetus

fallopian tubes

oocytes transportation and fertilization