Unit 2 Biology (Grade 11)

Functions of the digestive system

1. Ingestion

2. Digestion

3. Absorption

4. Elimination of waste

Ingestion

Consuming foods - releases salvia

Digestion

Salvia has enzymes which break down carbohyrates

Chemical digestion

Enzymes in the mouth + acid in the stomach

Chyme

Churning of food in the stomach with acid

Pharynx

upper part of the throat

Epiglottis

Temporarily seals off the airway and prevents food from moving into the air, passagway, and trachea

Esophagus

• Long tube connecting pharynx to stomach

• pushes food by peristalsis (muscles contract wave like)

Persistalsis

Muscle contract in a wave like motion

Causes food to go down

Heartburn - happens when the cardic peristalsis opens at a inappoperiate time

Diharea - can happen too

Stomach

2 liter sac

Ph is 2

Contains gastic juices

What are the gastric juices in the stomach

Hydrocholric acid, enzymes (pepsin) and mucus (lubricates the lining of the stomach)

Rugae

Muscles that help the stomach expand

Chemical breakdown in the stomach

HCL —> pepsinogen —> pepsin (breaks down proteins) —> creates more pepsinogen

Stomach break down (carbs, proteins, fats)

Carbs - in the mouth (using the help of salvia)

Proteins - in the stomach (by the pepsin)

Fats - in the small intestine (by bile)

Large intestine (colon)

• reabsorbs water in order to make products compact

• Absorbs lost vitamins

• Sends waste to rectum and then expelled through the anus

Liver

• Produces bile (breaks down fat)

• Stores fat soluble vitamins and iron

• Detoxifies acholocl or pousinous chemcials

• Modifies lipids

• Convert ammonia into uric acid

Gall bladder

• Stores fat

• Stores bile

Pancreas

• Release insulin and glucagon to regulate blood levels

• Releases carbohydrates, proteases (enzyme that breaks down protein), and lipases (enzyme that breaks down fats)

Cells digestion

• Intracellular digestion

• Extracellular digestion

Intracellular digestion

• Digestion that happens in the cell

• Food is broken down in the cell

• Heterophic protist digest food in food vacuoles like the paramecium

Extracellular digestion

Digestion that occurs outside the cell

• Using the gastrovascular cavity

Earth worm important digestion parts

Alimentary canal:

• Continuous tube that travels throughout the body

Crop:

• Stores moisten food

Gizzard:

• Grinds food

Birds

corp

gizzard

Crohn disease

• long-term condition - called inflammatory bowl disease

Organs affected?

• Large + small intestine

• Diarrhea

• Fatigue

• Weight loss

• Reduced appetite

• Bloody stool

Anorexia

weight loss

strict diet

Organs effects: stomach + entire body

Chronic acid reflux

Burning senstion when eating fatty foods

Orgrans effected: Esophagus, mouth and respiratory

Cirhosis

Enlarged adomed

Jaudice

Alcholic

Organs - Liver, spleen

Celeic disease

Irratble mood

sinusinfection

vominiting

allergic to gluten

Organs effect: Small intestine and pancreas

Gall stones

Abdominal pain

fever

loss of appetite

extremely low urine

Hapititaic C

• Mucle join pain

• Catigue

• Swollen lypmh nodes

• Yellowish eyes

• Diareeag

• Sore throat

Effects

• liver - immune system

Pancreatic cancer

• jaundice

• severe upper and lower pain

• Nausea and diarrhea

Organs effected

• Pancreas

• Liver

• Lungs

External respiration

• between atmosphere and lung

Interna repiration

Between blood and body cells

Cellular repriation

cell using oxygen to make ATP (engery)

Larynx

the voice box

made up of cartilage

Trachea

Passwage for the air

Windepipe connecting pharynx to the lungs

Bronchus

Branch into the lungs

Bronchioles

Branches with cluster of alveoli

Alveoli/alveolus

• surrounded by capillaries

• Site for gas exchange from lung to blood

How capillaries and alveoli work

Oxygen diffuses into capillaries ——> cap to the heart—> blood

CO2 diffuses into the alveoli —> leaves the body

Intercostal muscle

• Muscles involved in breathing

External intercostal:

• Mucles involved for inhaltion

Internal intercostal

• Muchels involved with exhaltion

Pleura cavity

Space btween two pleura layers that contain small fluid for lubrication

Pleure

Protects and surrounds the lungs

Total lung capacity

The amount of air ur lungs can hold

Vital capticaly

The maxium air u can exchale after a maxium inhaltion

Residual volume

How much air is left after exhaling

Trecheal system

• FOR INSECTS

• does not need cirultory system

• HAs air tubes, tracheae and air sacs

• Tracholes extend to the bottom of the body

• Gas exchanges is from there

Aquatic creatures

• They have gills for gas exchange

• Oxygen diffuses in capillaries, and CO2 diffuses out of it.

• Capilialries transport oxygen from gills to cells

Flow of water and blood

For best mazime oxygen

Current opposite to blood flow (more diffution) then current same direction

Birds

• Have one way air flow

• Best efficient way to breath

• dont expand or contract as much

Leukemia

Fatigue, frequent infections, easy bruising, fever, bleeding gums

Bone marrow / Blood

Chemotherapy, radiation, bone marrow transplant, targeted therapy

Hypertension

Often asymptomatic, headaches, dizziness, blurred vision

Heart, Blood vessels / Circulatory system

Lifestyle changes (diet, exercise), antihypertensive medications

Sickle Cell Anemia

Pain crises, fatigue, anemia, swelling in hands/feet, frequent infections

Blood / Red blood cells

Pain management, blood transfusions, hydroxyurea, bone marrow transplant

Arrhythmia

alpitations, dizziness, fainting, shortness of breath, chest discomfort

Heart

Medications (beta-blockers, antiarrhythmics), pacemaker, lifestyle changes, ablation therapy

Anemia

Fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, dizziness

Blood / Red blood cells

Iron supplements, vitamin B12 or folate supplements, dietary c

Aortic Stenosis

Chest pain, fainting, shortness of breath, fatigue, heart murmur

Heart / Aortic valve

Valve replacement or repair, medications for symptoms, lifestyle management

Hemophilia

Excessive bleeding, easy bruising, joint pain/swelling, prolonged nosebleeds

Blood / Clotting factors

Clotting factor replacement therapy, desmopressin (for mild cases), avoid injury, gene therapy (emerging)

Congenital Heart Defect

Cyanosis, rapid breathing, fatigue, poor growth, heart murmur

Heart / Structural defects

Surgery to correct defect, medications to manage symptoms, catheter-based interventions