Human Rights, Bioethics, and Work Ethics Comprehensive Review

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering the concept of human rights, various UDHR articles, child and animal rights, bioethics involving GMOs and cloning, and professional/environmental ethics based on work and environmental ethics.

Human Rights

Basic rights and freedoms which all human beings are entitled to enjoy because they are human, acting as guidelines about how people should be treated and agreed rules of fairness.

Universal Principles of Human Rights

The concept that rights are not bought, earned, or inherited, but belong to all people simply because they are human.

Article 1 (UDHR)

States that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights, endowed with reason and conscience, and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Botho

A value associated with the spirit of brotherhood, involving treating others with kindness, dignity, equality, fairness, and compassion.

Article 2 (UDHR)

Entitles everyone to all rights and freedoms without distinction of race, colour, sex, language, religion, political status, or the international status of their country.

Article 4 (UDHR)

Prohibits slavery and the slave trade in all their forms, stating that no one shall be held in slavery or servitude.

Forced Labour

A modern form of slavery where people are forced to work under threats of punishment.

Bonded Labour

Occurs when an individual or family takes a loan and is forced to work for the lender until the loan is paid back.

Human Trafficking

Involves transporting men, women, or children from one country to another to be sold and forced to work as slaves.

Article 13 (UDHR)

Protects the right of individuals to move freely, choose their residence within a state, leave any country, and return to their own country.

Article 15 (UDHR)

States that everyone has the right to a nationality and cannot be arbitrarily deprived of it or denied the right to change it.

Article 16 (UDHR)

Protects the right of adults to marry and found a family with free and full consent, granting men and women equal rights during and at the dissolution of marriage.

Marital Power Act of 2005

A Botswana law that abolished marital power but excludes women married under customary law, who are still regarded as minors under their husbands' authority.

BONELA

The Botswana Network on Ethics, Law and HIV/AIDS, established in 1995 to create a just environment for those infected and affected by HIV and AIDS.

DITSHWANELO

The Botswana Centre for Human Rights, founded in 1993 to promote and protect human rights, particularly for marginalized and underprivileged groups.

Emang Basadi Women’s Association

An organization registered in 1986 to identify problems faced by women in Botswana and mobilize for changes in their social, political, and legal status.

Sex

Refers to the biological characteristics or attributes that a person is born with as male and female.

Gender

Refers to social and cultural roles, rights, responsibilities, and behaviors that a particular society considers appropriate for males and females.

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)

The partial or total removal of external female genitalia, which violates rights to health, security, and physical integrity.

Widow Inheritance

A cultural practice where a widowed woman is expected to marry her deceased husband’s male relative.

Alimony

A duty placed on a person by a court to provide financial support to his or her spouse after separation or divorce.

Age of Majority

The minimum age at which one is allowed to vote, which in Botswana was brought down from $21$ to $18$.

The Children’s Act

A Botswana statute that defines a child as any person below the age of $14$ and emphasizes the protection and care of children through juvenile courts.

Infanticide

The act of throwing away or abandoning infants, which denies the child their right to life.

Bestiality

A form of animal abuse involving humans using animals to satisfy sexual needs, which is illegal and cruel.

3R Principle (Animal Research)

A framework for protecting animals used in experiments: Reduce the numbers used, Refine experiments to minimize suffering, and Replace with non-animal alternatives.

Bioethics

The study of questions regarding right and wrong in relation to the use of scientific technology in living things.

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

Organisms whose genes have been altered using genetic engineering technology to enhance or introduce a desired trait.

Phytoremediation

The use of genetically engineered plants, such as poplar trees, to clean up heavy metal pollution from contaminated soil and groundwater.

Cloning

The scientific process of creating a living organism that is a $100 \times 100$ copy of its parent organism without natural reproduction.

Therapeutic Cloning

Also known as embryo cloning, used to produce embryos for harvesting stem cells to treat diseases like Alzheimer's and cancer.

Work Ethics

A set of standards, rules, and moral principles required for satisfactory performance and behavior in the workplace.

Nepotism

The unethical practice of using a position of power to influence the hiring or promotion of someone close, such as a spouse or relative.

Favouritism

Giving priority to an individual or group for reasons not related to work competence, which can lead to jealousy and poor productivity.

Corruption

Illegally obtaining financial or material benefits for performing official duties, including bribery, fraud, and money laundering.

Environmental Ethics

The way human beings interact with the environment and the moral decisions made regarding the conservation and use of natural resources.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

A legal requirement in Botswana to establish the potential negative and positive impacts of a project on the environment before it commences.

Global Warming

The long-term trend of increases in the earth’s average temperature, noted by a rise of approximately $0.74^{\circ}C$ since $1990$.

Greenhouse Gases

Gases in the atmosphere such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that trap heat on the earth's surface.