ap psych unit 10

Positive Psychology

Branch of psychology focusing on strengths, well-being, and positive human functioning

Positive Subjective Experiences

Positive internal experiences such as gratitude, happiness, and optimism that increase well-being

Positive Objective Experiences

Positive actions/behaviors such as using strengths and virtues that increase happiness

Virtues

Positive qualities including wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence

Posttraumatic Growth

Positive psychological change resulting from struggling with difficult experiences

Dysfunction

Impaired or maladaptive behavior interfering with daily life

Distress

Emotional suffering or discomfort

Deviation from Social Norms

Behavior differing significantly from cultural expectations

Positive Symptoms

Addition of abnormal behaviors or experiences

Negative Symptoms

Absence or reduction of normal behaviors or functions

DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)

Manual published by the American Psychiatric Association used to classify psychological disorders

ICD (International Classification of Diseases)

Diagnostic system published by the World Health Organization

Evidence-Based Diagnostic Tools

Scientifically supported methods used to diagnose disorders

Eclectic Approach

Using techniques from multiple psychological perspectives

Behavioral Perspective

Explains disorders through maladaptive learned behaviors

Psychodynamic Perspective

Explains disorders through unconscious conflicts and early experiences

Humanistic Perspective

Focuses on blocked personal growth and lack of support

Cognitive Perspective

Focuses on maladaptive thoughts and beliefs

Evolutionary Perspective

Explains disorders as behaviors reducing survival or reproduction

Sociocultural Perspective

Focuses on social and cultural influences on behavior

Biological Perspective

Explains disorders through genetics, brain function, and physiology

Biopsychosocial Model

Explains disorders using biological, psychological, and social factors together

Diathesis-Stress Model

Psychological disorders result from vulnerability combined with stress

Meta-Analysis

Statistical technique combining results of multiple studies

Psychotherapies

Treatments using psychological techniques rather than medication

Evidence-Based Interventions

Therapies scientifically proven effective

Cultural Humility

Openness and respect toward different cultural perspectives

Therapeutic Alliance

Trusting relationship between therapist and client

Psychotropic Medication Therapy

Treatment using drugs affecting mood, behavior, or thinking

Deinstitutionalization

Movement away from long-term psychiatric hospitalization

Decentralized Treatment

Community-based mental health treatment

Nonmaleficence

Obligation to do no harm

Fidelity

Maintaining trust and professional responsibility

Integrity

Honesty and accuracy in professional work

Respect for People's Rights and Dignity

Respecting privacy, rights, and individual differences

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Disorder involving inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Developmental disorder affecting communication, social interaction, and behavior

Schizophrenia

Severe disorder involving disturbed thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors

Delusions

False fixed beliefs

Delusions of Persecution

Belief others are targeting or harming you

Delusions of Grandeur

Exaggerated beliefs about power or importance

Hallucinations

False sensory perceptions

Disorganized Thinking/Speech

Fragmented or illogical thoughts/speech

Word Salad

Meaningless jumble of words

Disorganized Motor Behavior

Unusual or inappropriate movements/behaviors

Flat Affect

Reduced emotional expression

Catatonic Stupor

Unresponsive immobile state

Dopamine Hypothesis

Schizophrenia linked to excess dopamine activity

Major Depressive Disorder

Disorder involving persistent depressed mood and loss of interest

Persistent Depressive Disorder

Long-term chronic depression

Mania

Abnormally elevated mood, energy, and activity

Depression

Prolonged sadness and low motivation

Cycling

Shifts between manic and depressive states

Bipolar I Disorder

Disorder involving full manic episodes

Bipolar II Disorder

Disorder involving hypomania and depression

Obsessions

Intrusive repetitive thoughts

Compulsions

Repetitive behaviors performed to reduce anxiety

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Disorder involving obsessions and compulsions

Hoarding Disorder

Persistent difficulty discarding possessions

Specific Phobia

Intense irrational fear of a specific object or situation

Acrophobia

Fear of heights

Arachnophobia

Fear of spiders

Agoraphobia

Fear of situations where escape may be difficult

Panic Disorder

Disorder involving unexpected panic attacks

Ataque de Nervios

Culture-bound anxiety disorder common in Caribbean/Iberian cultures

Social Anxiety Disorder

Intense fear of social judgment

Taijin Kyofusho

Japanese culture-bound anxiety disorder involving fear of offending others

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Persistent excessive anxiety about many areas of life

Dissociation

Disruption in consciousness, identity, or memory

Dissociative Amnesia

Memory loss caused by trauma or stress

Fugue State

Sudden travel/wandering with memory loss about identity

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

Disorder involving multiple distinct identities

Hypervigilance

Constant state of heightened alertness

Flashbacks

Vivid reliving of traumatic experiences

Emotional Detachment

Feeling disconnected from emotions or others

Hostility

Persistent anger or aggression

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Disorder developing after traumatic experiences

Anorexia Nervosa

Eating disorder involving self-starvation and distorted body image

Bulimia Nervosa

Eating disorder involving binge eating followed by purging

Personality Disorders

Enduring maladaptive personality patterns causing distress or impairment

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Pervasive distrust and suspicion

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Detachment from social relationships

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Odd beliefs and unusual behaviors

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Disregard for others' rights and lack of remorse

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Excessive emotionality and attention-seeking

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Grandiosity and need for admiration

Borderline Personality Disorder

Unstable relationships, emotions, and self-image

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Social inhibition and fear of criticism

Dependent Personality Disorder

Excessive need to be cared for

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Extreme perfectionism and control

Psychodynamic Therapies

Therapies exploring unconscious conflicts

Free Association

Saying thoughts freely without censorship

Dream Interpretation

Analyzing dreams for unconscious meaning

Cognitive Restructuring

Changing maladaptive thought patterns

Fear Hierarchies

Ranking fears from least to most anxiety-provoking

Cognitive Triad

Negative thoughts about self, world, and future

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

Behavior modification using reinforcement principles

Exposure Therapies

Treatment involving repeated exposure to feared stimuli

Systematic Desensitization

Gradual exposure paired with relaxation techniques

Aversion Therapies

Pairing unwanted behaviors with unpleasant stimuli