anaphy

Respiratory System

Supplies the body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.

Ventilation

Bring air into body (movement of air in and out of the lungs)

Conducting Zone

Transfers air to and from the lungs (includes nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, terminal bronchiole).

Respiratory Zone

Site of gas exchange (includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli).

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

upper respi. tract

trachea, bronchi, lungs

lower respiratory tract

PSCCE

The Upper Respiratory Tract is lined by respiratory mucosa

Mucus, cilia, nasal hairs and nasal conchae, irritant receptors

What are the pulmonary Defense Mechanisms

Paranasal Sinuses

Lighten the skull, produce mucus, and resonate sound

Larynx

Produces sound and prevents food from entering the trachea.

Epiglottis

Elastic cartilage flap that prevents food from entering the larynx during swallowing.

Vocal Cords

Found within the larynx

Trachea

Windpipe that extends from the larynx to T5, lined with respiratory mucosa and supported by C-shaped cartilage rings.

Thoracic Cavity

Bound by the rib cage, sternum

Pleura

Double-layered serous membranes surrounding the lungs

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs between the lungs and blood.

Cardiac Notch

where the heart rests.

Respiration

02 and CO2 gas exchange

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

PSCCE

Mucus

traps and remove debris

Cilia

Sweeps mucus

Irritant receptors

trigger sneeze, cough to propel substances out

Smokers cough

damages cilia leading to increased particles in the airways, risk of infection

Alveolar macrophages

ingest and remove debris and bacteria

Surfactant

enhance phagocytosis by macrophages, down-regulate inflammation

External and internal nares

openings to nasal cavity

Nasal septum

divides cavity into right and left sides

Nasal conchae

increases turbulence of inspired air and exposure to respiratory mucosa

Meatus

groove under the nasal conchae

Hard and soft palate

floor of nasal cavity, roof of mouth

Frontal, Maxillary, Sphenoid, Ethmoid Sinuses

What are the sinuses

Nasopharynx

superior to the soft palate

Oropharynx

passageway for food and air

Laryngopharynx

hyoid bone to the larynx

Laryngopharynx

splits into esophagus and larynx

Epiglottis, Thyroid cartilage, Cricoid cartilage, Arytenoid cartilage, Corniculate cartilage, Cuneiform cartilage

what are the cartilage in the larynx

epiglottis

keeps food out of the larynx, moved downward to form a lid over the glottis when swallowing

Vocal cords

found in the larynx

Vestibular folds or false vocal cords

mucosal folds superior to true vocal cords

Vestibular vocal cords or false vocal cords

sensitive to touch

True vocal cords

elastic ligaments attached to the arytenoid and thyroid cartilages

True vocal cords

vibrate and produce sound

Glottis

opening between vocal cords

Carina

divides the ____ into the right and left primary bronchi

Trachea

c-shaped hyaline cartilage rings prevent trachea from collapsing

Mediastinum

for heart, esophagus, trachea, great vessels

anterior about 2-3 cm above inner 1/3 clavicle

location of lung apex

anterior 6th rib mid-clavicular line to 8th rib midaxillary line

location of lung BASE

Parietal Pleura

lines the walls of thoracic cavity

Pleural fluid

fills the area between layers to allow gliding and resist separation

Visceral pleura

covers the lung surface

Parietal pleura

has sensation of pain in response to injury or inflammation

Visceral pleura

sensory reflexes, but no pain sensation

3

how many lobes do right lung have

2

how many lobes do left lung have

left primary bronchus

curved, broad 45degree angle

right primary bronchus

steep, wide, 20-30 degree angle

Bronchi

mucosa, smooth muscle, cartilage

primary bronchi

first branch from trachea

Secondary (lobar) bronchi

one per lobe

Tertiary (segmental) bronchi

each supplies a bronchopulmonary segment

Bronchoiles

mucosa, smooth muscle, connective tissue

Bronchioles

no cartilage

terminal bronchiole

non- ciliated simple cuboidal

respiratory bronchioles

last branch, alveoli begin

Alveolar macrophages

a.k.a dust cells

Alveolar macrophages

engulf debris and prepare it for removal via lymph nodes

Type I alveolar cells

simple squamous epithelium

Type II alveolar cells

surfactant secrete

16-20

How many C-shaped cartilaginous rings