Year 10 PE/HEALTH Exam Preparation

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering the Skeletal, Muscular, Respiratory, and Cardiovascular systems, as well as key themes from McFarland, USA.

Long Bones

Bones that are longer than they are wide, such as the femur, which facilitate movement and support body weight.

Short Bones

Bones that are roughly cube-shaped and provide stability and support, such as the carpals and tarsals.

Flat Bones

Bones that are thin and flattened with a broad surface, primarily serving to protect internal organs, such as the sternum or cranium.

Irregular Bones

Bones with complex shapes that do not fit into other categories, such as the vertebrae.

Sesamoid Bones

Bones embedded within tendons, such as the patella, which protect tendons from stress and wear.

Synovial Joints

The most common and movable type of joint in the human body, characterized by a fluid-filled joint cavity.

Flexion

A body movement that decreases the angle between two body parts.

Extension

A body movement that increases the angle between two body parts.

Reciprocal Inhibition

The process where one muscle (the agonist) contracts while the opposing muscle (the antagonist) relaxes to allow movement.

Agonist

The prime mover muscle that provides the main force to complete a specific movement.

Antagonist

The muscle that opposes the movement of the agonist and relaxes during contraction.

Isoinertial Contraction

Muscle contraction where the muscle length changes under a constant load or resistance.

Isometric Contraction

Muscle contraction where the muscle length remains constant despite tension being generated.

Fusiform Fibres

Muscle fibres arranged parallel to the long axis of the muscle, built for speed of contraction.

Pennate Fibres

Muscle fibres arranged at an angle to the tendon, built for strength of contraction rather than speed.

Slow Twitch Fibres

Type I muscle fibres characterized by high endurance and resistance to fatigue, suitable for long-duration aerobic activities.

Fast Twitch Fibres

Type II muscle fibres characterized by rapid contraction and high force production, suitable for short-duration power activities.

Ventilation

The total volume of air inspired or expired per minute, calculated as $V = \text{Tidal Volume} \times \text{Respiratory Rate}$.

Tidal Volume

The amount of air inspired or expired per breath.

Respiratory Rate

The number of breaths taken per minute.

Gaseous Exchange

The process by which $O_2$ and $CO_2$ are transferred between the alveoli and the blood via diffusion.

Arteries

Thick-walled blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body.

Veins

Blood vessels that return deoxygenated blood back to the heart, featuring valves to prevent backflow.

Capillaries

Microscopic blood vessels where the exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes occurs between blood and tissues.

Red Blood Cells

Blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body.

White Blood Cells

Blood cells that form part of the immune system and help fight infection.

Platelets

Small cell fragments in the blood that are essential for blood clotting.

Resilience

A key theme in McFarland, USA referring to the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties or toughness.

Barriers to Participation

Factors that prevent or limit an individual's ability to participate in sport or physical activity.

Enablers to Participation

Factors that encourage or facilitate an individual's participation in sport or physical activity.