ALL OF APES HELP ME

Cone of depression

Overpumping can create this with the water table near the well. This can change the direction of water flow underground as well leading to well contamination.

Saltwater intrusion

When groundwater is overpumped near a coast this kind of contamination can occur.

Downstream benefits of a dam

Less chance of catastrophic flooding, predictable flow of water, cheap clean electricity.

Upstream benefits of a dam

Reservoir useful for recreation and provides reliable source of freshwater for industrial, personal, agricultural use; cheap clean electricity.

Downstream negative impacts of a dam

Fish can't migrate past the dam, fertile sediment no longer deposited on the shores, lower volume of water available for personal, agricultural, industrial uses.

Upstream negative impacts of a dam

Floods habitats, displaces people, sediment builds up and can cause damage.

Desalination

The removal of salts and minerals from saltwater (ocean or brackish groundwater) in order to have water for drinking, irrigation, etc.

3%

% of water on earth that is freshwater

97%

% of water on earth that is ocean water

< 1%

% of water on earth that is AVAILABLE fresh water

70%

% of worldwide water use that is for irrigation of crops

Ogallala Aquifer location

World's largest groundwater source, located in the High Plains in the U.S.

point pollution

Pollutants discharged from a single identifiable location (e.g., animal waste runoff from CAFO, smokestack pollution from power plant, oil spill, etc)

nonpoint pollution

pollution that comes from many sources rather than from a single, specific site (eg: agricultural runoff-fertilizers/pesticides, urban runoff, sediment runoff along river, etc)

watershed

an area or ridge of land that separates waters flowing to different rivers, basins, or seas.

biggest threat to mangrove wetlands

shrimp aquaculture

urban runoff

Surface runoff of rainwater created by urbanization. Hard, non-permeable surfaces, such as concrete and asphalt, replace soil, preventing water from entering aquifers. Rainwater instead flows over the hard surfaces, gathering pollutants and chemicals until it eventually rejoins a water source.

permeable pavers

solution for urban runoff involving pavers that allow stormwater to infiltrate into underlying soils, promoting pollutant treatment and groundwater recharge

rain garden

runoff area that is planted with water-tolerant plants to slow urban runoff and promote infiltration

green roof

A roof constructed of various landscaping materials including soil, plants, and water collection systems to help reduce urban runoff

Dissolved oxygen (D.O.)

amount of oxygen in water, level of this decreases as the rate of decomposition of biodegradable waste increases

Nitrates & Phosphates (N&P)

nutrients, if in excess, can lead to algae blooms and dead zones

Chlorine

substance added to drinking water and sewage treatment effluent in order to kill disease-causing pathogens

BOD

amount of oxygen required by organisms and can be increased when biodegradable waste gets into water

thermal pollution

increased temperature of water discharged from nuclear power plants/some industrial plants which can lead to a drop in DO

primary sewage treatment

Physical step of sewage treatment used to filter out plastics, large items, sand/grit, etc.

Secondary sewage treatment

Biological step of sewage treatment to break down organic matter in aerated tanks using microscopic decomposer organisms

Tertiary sewage treatment

Optional treatment step to remove excessive nutrients (N&P) from wastewater

waterborne illness

disease contracted from exposure to pathogens in unclean water

coliform bacteria

intestinal bacteria; used to detect water contamination by animal wastes

oxy sag

oxygen levels decline downstream from a pollution source as decomposers metabolize waste materials

eutrophication

process of increasing nutrient levels (N&P) and biological productivity which leads to algae blooms and dead zones (very low oxygen levels in water)

cultural eutrophication

process of increasing nutrient levels and biological productivity caused by excessive inputs of N&P from human activities, usually leads to algae blooms and eventually dead zones

clean water act

passed in 1972, established a National Pollution Discharge System which requires permit to dump wastes in surface waters and requires disclosure of what is being dumped

Safe Drinking Water Act

passed in 1974, requires minimum safety standards for community water supplies, regulates a variety of contaminants including lead and bacteria, also protects groundwater aquifers

effluent

treated water discharged from a wastewater plant

disinfection step of sewage treatment

completed after secondary treatment of wastewater to kill disease-causing organisms with UV, chlorine, ozone, etc.

sludge

inorganic, solid waste that collects at the bottom of tanks in primary and secondary treatment, may be used for fertilizers

turbidity

A measure of how clear water is and the amount of suspended solids

water hardness

level of calcium and magnesium ions in a water supply

salinity

amount of salts in the water

hypoxic waterway

bodies of water that are extremely low in dissolved oxygen (may be cause by eutrophication)

oligotrophic waterway

Waterways with low nutrient (N/P) levels, stable algae pop, and high dissolved oxygen

emergent diseases

A new disease or one that has been absent for at least 20 years.

pathogen

organisms that cause disease

cholera

an bacterial infection caused by ingestion of contaminated water or food

malaria

A disease caused by mosquitoes implanting parasites in the blood.

tuberculosis

An infectious disease caused by bacteria which may affect almost all tissues of the body, especially the lungs

West Nile Virus

A virus that is transmitted by mosquitoes and is especially likely to infect birds but has been found in numerous other species.

SARS

severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by a virus -->like pneumonia

MERS

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, viral and transferred from animals to humans

Zika Virus

viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes and humans through sexual contact, causes developmental problems for babies of infected pregnant women

dysentery

Bacterial infection caused by an unusual strain of E.Coli usually spread through untreated sewage and contaminated water

characteristics

area and length, soil type, vegetation type.

hydroelectricity

electricity generated by the kinetic energy of moving water: ex distance water falls

water impoundment

storage of water in a reservoir behind a dam

tidal energy

energy that comes from movement of water driven by the moon’s gravity

silitation

sediments from moving water-bottom of reservoir

hydroelercity

impounding water → behind large dam→ release when energy is needed

Chesapeake bay water shed

6 state region that drains into a series of streams/rivers-eventually into Chesapeake bay

1 gram

0.001 kg

1 miligram

0.001 gram

1 kg

1000 gram

solutions for pollution/runoff

permeable pavement, rain gardens, building up, public transport

water impoundment dam con and pro

con: flood ecosystem behind dam

pro: bring $$ and electricity

run of river system and tidal energy

set turbine to divert the natural current of a river through man-made channels

levee

an enlarged bank built up on each side of the river

dikes

structures built to prevent ocean water from flooding adjacent land

reverse osmosis

a process of desalination in which water is forced through a thin semipermeable membrane at high pressure

ocy sag curve

teh relationship of oxy concentration to the distance from a point source of decomp sewage or other polluants

septic system

a small and simple sewage treatment system made up of septic tant and a leach field, often used for homes in rural areas

septic tank

a large container that receives wastewater from a house as part of a septic system

septage

layer of fairly clean water found in the middle of a septic tank

leach field

a component of a septic system, made up of underground pipes laid out below the surface sewage treatment plan and legal sewage dumping.

Nitrogen + Phosphrus

Algal bloom-dead plants bc no sunlight

hypoxia

not enough oxygen

temp and dissolved oxy ship is

inverse

distillation

a process of desalination in which water is boiled and results in steam being captured and condensed to yield pure water

high DO

support biodiversity, healthy water

what affects DO

temperature, turbulence, photosynthesis, respiration and decom, nut pollut

low do

stressful and deadly, hypoxia/anoxia

caused by eutrophication and favors anaerobic bacteria

how does eutrophication cause low do

nut pollution → algal bloom→decomp use oxygen

anoxia

oxygen free water

eutrophication

fert runoff→adds N+P→ algal bloom→ algal die and decomp→turn into bacteria→bacteria use up oxy→ DO drops

high bod

low do

warm water

holds less oxy-climate change-fish suffocate

cold water

more oxy-

low do is caused by

eutrophication, high bod, warm temp, stagnant water

order

increase in nut

algal bloom

increase of bod

hypoxia

fish die

oligotrophic lakes

low nut, low productivity, clear water, high oxy levels

carbon monoxide is

not good in the troposphere

ozone is in the

stratosphere

h

h

h

j

waste stream

flow of solid waste to recycling centers, landfills, or trash incineration (burning) facilities

e-waste

Discarded electronic equipment, such as computers, cell phones, and television sets. Makes up about 2% of MSW

sanitary landfills.

A landfill in a developed nation where trash is dumped. Must contain the following components: bottom liner, leachate collection system, methane recovery system, clay cap

waste incineration

burning of garbage (usually paper, plastic, food) to produce electricity

landfill methane recovery

collection of methane produced from decomposition within landfill which is then used to generate electricity