All Daily Life Vocabulary - Part B of Exam

All daily life vocabulary from all tests and exam

What is the value of I?

1

What is the value of V?

5

What is the value of X?

10

What is the value of L?

50

What is the value of C?

100

What is the value of D?

500

What is the value of M/∞?

1000

BARBARI (barbarians)

Term used by Romans to describe those outside of Rome, originates from the Greek work meaning ‘non-Greek’

LIBERTI

Freedmen, those who had previously been slaves but were freed

INGENUI

Free born

SERVI

Slaves

PATRICIANS

Term for the elites of Rome, originates from the term for father

PLEBEIANS (PLEBS)

Those who are not among the elite families of Rome

STRUGGLE OF THE ORDERS

The struggle of Plebs to gain rights, facing discrimination from the Patricians

EQUITES (singular: EQUES) = EQUESTRIANS

Class of business-people that gained wealth not just through land inheritance and hold the most expensive rank of cavalry

SESTERCES (in Latin: SESTERTII)

Basic Roman coin

QUAESTOR

Public office that was a required position for membership in a senatorial club

NOVUS HOMO

Term for the first person in a family to convert from an equestrian to a senatorial club, ex. Cicero

CLIENTES (singular: CLIENS)

Role in patronage system that acts as client to a patron

PATRONI (singular: PATRONUS)

Role in patronage systems that acts as patron to clients

PECULIUM

Allowance given to slaves that is completely for their use

LATIFUNDIA (sing.: LATIFUNDIUM)

Massive factory farms dedicated to one crop or export; run by slaves

PAEDAGOGUS (-GI, plur.)

A, likely Greek, slave tutor/nanny that would care for children 24/7 and be in charge of their education → high ranking slave

SPARTACUS

Real figure that incited a slave revolt from 73-71 B.C. in Italy → numbered 70,000-100,000 slaves that were able to win on multiple occasions before their capture, all of the 6,000 survivors were crucified as an intimidation method

MANUMISSIO = MANUMISSION / EMANCIPATION (noun)

The process through which a slave is freed, perhaps in gratitude or as a part of a will → involved a ceremony that is largely mysterious but did involve a magistrate

MANUMIT (verb; = EMANCIPATE)

The act of a slave being freed (verb of manumissio)

PILEUS

Hat given to slave in their ceremony of manumission that was pointy and became a symbol for freedom

CURSUS HONORUM

Structured sequence of public offices held by aspiring politicians that regulated politics and enforced hierarchy (age, status, military service, etc)

VIGINTIVIRI (20, later 26: vigintisexviri)

• 1 year

• Elected 1st of January

• College of minor magistrates

• Age: early 20s

• Consisted of six boards

QUAESTOR (20)

• 1 year

• Elected 1st of January

• Financial officials

• Age: 27-30

AEDILE (4)

• 1 year

• Elected 1st of January

• Look after the city, grain supply, and games

PRAETOR (8)

• 1 year

• Elected 1st of January

• Judges, run courts

• Propraetor (provincial governor) - picked by lot

CONSUL (2)

• 1 year

• Elected 1st January

• Military, legislative, administrative, supervisory

• Age 42

• Proconsul (provincial governors) - picked by lot

CENSOR (2)

• 18 months every 5th year

• Elected

• Completely administrative, but most prestigious office

• census (counting citizens and assigning them to one of the 35 tribes)

• Set taxes

• State contracts and public building contracts

• Add new senators from senatorial order, moral oversight of senate, removal of corrupt officials

• Performs the lustrum

• One performs the lustrum on the Campus Martius to mark the end of the census in May, 17 months after their election

SUOVETAURILIA

Triple sacrifice of a boar (suus), a ram (ovis), and a bull (taurus)

DICTATOR

• 6 months maximum

• With subordinate colleague, magister equitum

SENATE

• 600 members

• Former office holders chosen by censors from senatorial order

• Supreme decision-making body of Roman state

• Ratifies elections and laws after voted upon by the people

• Senatorial Order (all those eligible to serve in the senate) is different from the senate itself (those actually serving as senators)

TRIBUNES OF THE PLEBS (5>10)

• 1 year

• Starts 10th December

• Elected by plebeians

• Enforce plebian laws, plebiscita, protect plebeians

• Can veto elections, laws, and decrees of the senate

• Possess sacrosanctitas, sacrosanctity

SACROSANCTITAS

Inviolability:

1. Secure from violation or profanation, as an inviolable law

2. Secure from assault or trespass, as unassailable, inviolable borders

IUS INTERCESSIONIS

The right of tribunes to intervene and veto actions taken by other magistrates → serves as checks and balances

FASCES

Bundle of wooden sticks with an axe carried by a lictor as a symbol of imperium for a magistrate

LICTOR

Individual that carries the fasces for the magistrate

DUUMVIRI / DUOVIRI

Equivalent of consuls but within a city, similar to a mayor

AEDILES (2)

Magistrates responsible for buildings, games, and supply of grain in a city

QUINQUENNALES

The equivalent of censors but in a city, elected every 5 years

INSULA (plur. INSULAE)

Literally means island, is a Roman apartment building

INSULA FELICLES

Famous apartment building known for being really tall → accounts of it being found in North Africa

DOMUS

Word for a Roman house

TABERNA (shop)

Latin word for a shop, found in the front of houses and apartment buildings, in apartment buildings the owners of the shop would likely live in the building, in houses the same could be true but more often shops would be rented out by the family living in the house

VESTIBULUM

Cloak room that might be off of the fauces

FAUCES

Passage from front door into house running between shops and spanning their entire length, may be split to have a vestibulum

ATRIUM

Living room in which client meetings would be held and religious shrines to household deities or a family’s ancestors would be → featured an impluvium/compluvium and most other rooms of the house would be around the atrium

COMPLUVIUM

Hole in roof of atrium that supplies water to impluvium

IMPLUVIUM

Pool in atrium that catches water from compluvium and feeds into cistern underneath

ALA (ALAE plural)

Wing at the back of atrium, corner nook that is basically a small courtyard

CUBICULUM (CUBICULA plural)

Bedrooms, usually off the atrium an separated by either curtains or actual doors → number of people in a house determined by the number of bedrooms

TABLINUM

Office off of the atrium that serves as the principal place of work, usually separated by an actual door

TRICLINIUM

Dining room with 3 long couches (more similar to beds) on which one could recline → Romans did not eat sitting upright, instead leaning on their left arm while eating with their right

ANDRON

Narrow (allowing for one person) passage coming from atrium and leading to the garden, possibly also connecting to the kitchen

CULINA

Kitchen that was typically small and contained the toilet, might have slaves living on a second level on top

PERISTYLIUM

Found within the viridarium of fancier houses and is a colonnade, meaning a covered structure supported by columns

VIRIDARIUM

Pleasure garden similar to a courtyard that might have statues or fountains, could include a peristylium and/or hortus

HORTUS

A working garden that produces food for the household, likely found in the viridarium

PISCINA

Fishpond that might feature in a wealthy family’s garden

TRIA NOMINA

Three names of a Roman

PRAENOMEN

Given name

NOMEN/GENTILICIUM

Family name

COGNOMEN

Personal name that is given and then passed down in a family

AGNOMINA

Additional cognomina that could be added to a name

NILOTIC

Term to describe anything having to do with the Nile, ex. Nilotic scenes are those depicting the Nile

VILLA

Large house found in the countryside rather than the city; wealthy families might have multiple villas in various cities; large and sprawling, not necessarily having pattern like Pompeii houses

LATRINA

A private toilet used in someone’s home

FORICA

A multi-seat public toilet

SUBLIGAR

Roman underwear, often made of linen but sometimes made of leather

TUNICA INTIMA

Undershirt worn for warmth during winter, usually made of wool

TUNICA

Basic term for tunic worn that often has added descriptions and symbols for class

LATUS CLAVUS

Wide purple stripe on the clothing of someone in the senatorial order

TUNICA LATICLAVIA

Tunic with the latus clavus worn by the senatorial order

ANGUSTUS CLAVUS

Thin purple stripe on the clothing of someone in the equestrian order

TUNICA ANGUSTICLAVIA

Tunic with the angustus clavus worn by the equestrian order

TOGA LATICLAVIA

Toga with the latus clavus worn by the senatorial order

TOGA ANGUSTICLAVIA

Toga with the angustus clavus worn by the equestrian order

CALCEI (CALCEUS sing.)

Shoes, similar to sandals, for general outdoor use → larger, more extravagant laces were a show of class, where a high ranking individual might have ‘X” laces

SOLEAE (SOLEA sing.)

Shoes, similar to sandals, for general indoor use

CALIGAE (CALIGA sing.)

Military boots made for marching and heavy-use, reinforced with nails and thick sole

SOCCUS

Socks worn to protect feet and keep them dry → worn under sandals

TOGA

Large length of fabric (18ft. by 7ft.) worn by male citizens as clothing for formal occasions and that was the only Roman clothing:

• differing between men and women — women typically wore more colour

• that shifted throughout Rome gradually → fashion in general did not change much

• was purchased rather than made by women at home

UMBO

Literally ‘knob’; the part of the toga that is pulled over the diagonal section of the toga across the chest

SINUS

Part of the toga that could be used like a hood or veil, or as a pocket → head would need to be covered for religious events

TOGA VIRILIS

Plain white toga worn on formal occasions by adult male commoners or senators without imperium → traditionally given to son by father to mark coming of age

TOGA PULLA

Dark toga worn by mourners at elite funerals, deemed offensive to wear outside of that context

TOGA CANDIDA

Bright toga rubbed with chalk to be white worn by candidates for public office

CANDIDATUS

Term for a candidate for public office

TOGA PRAETEXTA

White toga with a broad purple stripe on its border worn over a tunic with two broad purple stripes → worn by magistrates with imperium in official functions, Kings of Rome, freeborn boys (and some girls) to mark legal protection from immoral influence, and some priesthoods

BRACCAE

Trousers, often made with a drawstring and reaching between above the knee to the angle → Roman men more often worse tunics due to encircling the legs and thighs being seen as bad luck

STOLA

Equivalent of the toga but for women, a long sleeveless robe worn by wives as a symbol of marital status as well as by the Vestal priestesses

STROPHIUM/MAMILLARE

A bra worn by women and as part of a bikini for athletes made from various metals, often decorated with jewels

SANDALIA

Close-toed sandals

PEPLOS

Body-length garment that was typical attire for women in ancient Greece, the equivalent of the Roman palla

CHITON

A form of tunic that fastened at the shoulder worn by both men and women, with the women’s being worn at ankle length and the men’s at knee length → sleeved form was worn by priests and actors, and the colour or pattern could indicate status