AP Psych Unit 5 Part 2 - Treatment

Deinstitutionalization

in the late 20th century, the moving of people with psychological disorders out of institutional facilities

Psychotherapy

Therapist using psychological techniques in order to treat a patient

Biomedical therapy

Prescription of medication or a medical procedure that acts directly on a patient’s nervous system

Eclectic approach

Use of a blend of different psychotherapy AND biomedical therapies into one treatment plan

Psychoanalysis

The first formal psychotherapy to emerge was psychoanalysis, developed by Sigmund Freud

Free association

in which one lies on a couch and speaks whatever comes to the mind and the unconscious is in charge of uncovering it

Resistance

a patient's unconscious, anxiety-driven attempts to block or avoid confronting sensitive, painful, or uncomfortable unconscious material during therapy.

Interpretation

the cognitive process of assigning meaning, significance, or context to sensations, perceptions, or memories

Transference

patient’s transfer of emotions, positive or negative, towards the therapist

Psychodynamic therapies

guide patients through the inside of internal conflicts in both their conscious and unconscious; not discussing id-ego-superego conflicts

Humanistic therapy

boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance

Insight therapies

verbal, talk-based psychotherapies designed to help clients understand the underlying unconscious conflicts, motives, and defenses driving their psychological disorders

Person-Centered therapy

therapists listen to the needs of the patient in an accepting and non-judgmental way, addressing problems in a productive way and building his or her self-esteem

Active listning

reflective listening in which the listener (therapist) echoes, restates, and clarifies the patient’s thinking, acknowledging expressed feelings

Unconditional Positive Regard

an attitude of total acceptance, caring, and respect toward another person, regardless of their behavior or feelings

Behavior Therapy

a treatment approach that applies learning principles (classical/operant conditioning) to eliminate unwanted behaviors

Counterconditiong

a procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors

Exposure therapies

Expose patients to things they fear and avoid

• The most widely used behavior therapy today

• Through repeated exposures, anxiety lessens because they habituate to the things feared.

Systematic desensitization

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli commonly used to treat phobias

Aversive conditioning

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior

Token economy

patients exchange a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats

Cognitive therapies

teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking

Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

Cognitive-behavior therapy

aims to alter the way people act (behavior therapy) and alter the way they think (cognitive therapy)

Dialectical behavior therapy

specifically designed for individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and other conditions involving emotional dysregulation

Group therapy

normally consists of 6-9 people attending a 90-minute session that can help more people and costs less. Clients benefit from knowing others have similar problems

Family therapy

treats the family as a system. Therapy guides family members toward positive relationships and improved communication

Meta-analysis

a statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion

Therapeutic alliance

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client’s problem

Ethical Principles in Psychotherapy

guidelines established by the American Psychological Association (APA) to protect patient welfare and ensure responsible treatment

Nonmaleficence

the ethical principle obligating therapists and researchers to "do no harm" to their clients or participants

Fidelity

the ethical principle of being faithful, loyal, and trustworthy in the therapist-client relationship

Integrity

the ethical requirement for therapists to be truthful, accurate, and honest in their communication, behavior, and professional services

Respect for rights

an ethical principle requiring clinicians to honor a client’s autonomy, privacy, and self-determination

Psychpharmacology

the study of drug effects on mind and behavior

Antipsychotic drugs

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and others forms of severe thought disorders

Tardive dyskinesia

involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs

Antianxiety drugs

Depress the central nervous system and reduce anxiety and tension by elevating the levels of the GABA neurotransmitter

Antidepressant drugs

used to treat depressive, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and related, and posttraumatic stress disorders

Selective-serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

improve the mood by elevating levels of serotonin by inhibiting reuptake

Mood-stabilizing drugs

Used to stabilize manic episodes in bipolar disorders. It moderates the levels of norepinephrine and glutamate neurotransmitters

Lithium Carbonate

common salt used as a mood-stabilizing medication

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

used for patients with depression, bipolar, or schizophrenia who do not respond to drugs. The patient is anesthetized and given a muscle relaxant. Patients usually get a 100 volt shock that relieves them of depression/symptoms

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

a pulsating magnetic coil is placed over the outside of the prefrontal regions of the brain to treat depression with minimal side effects

Psychosurgery

Psychosurgery is surgery done to alter a psychological condition, which may involve lesioning (last resort)

Lobotomy

Cutting the nerves connecting the frontal lobes with the emotion controlling centers of the inner brain

Hypnosis

social interaction in which one person (hypnotist) suggests to another (subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

Decentralized therapy

combining medication and psychological therapies in outpatient or inpatient facilities

Applied behavior analysis

applies learning principles of classical and operant conditioning to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.

Biofeedback

uses principles of conditioning to help clients regulate body systems (such as sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems) that contribute to feelings of anxiety or depression

Cognitive restructuring

techniques that help individuals identify, challenge, and modify distorted thoughts.

Fear hierarchies

a graded list of anxiety-provoking situations or stimuli, arranged from least to most frightening

Cognitive triad

describes three types of negative thoughts that are common in depression: negative views about oneself, the world, and the future.

Evidence-based interventions

strategies, programs, or practices proven effective through research, demonstrating a statistically significant impact on desired outcomes

Cultural humility

an ongoing process of self-reflection and learning about the cultural identities of clients, recognizing bias and limitations