AP Euro Semester Review

Renaissance

A cultural movement in Europe from the 14th to the 17th century characterized by a revival of interest in the classical learning and values of Ancient Greece and Rome.

Humanism

An intellectual movement during the Renaissance focused on human potential and achievements, emphasizing classical education, individualism, and secularism.

Secularization

The process of removing religious influence or authority, especially in political and social contexts.

New Monarchs

European leaders between 1450-1550 who centralized their power, controlled the nobility, and established more modern systems of governance.

Columbian Exchange

The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World following Columbus's discoveries.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement in the 16th century that led to the establishment of Protestant churches and a challenge to the authority of the Catholic Church.

Sola Scriptura

A principle of the Protestant Reformation asserting that the Bible alone is the ultimate authority in matters of faith and practice.

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by the teachings of John Calvin, significant during the French Wars of Religion.

Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

A series of peace treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe and marked the beginning of modern state sovereignty.

Mercantilism

An economic theory that emphasizes the role of the state in managing the economy and accumulating wealth through a favorable balance of trade.

Divine Right of Kings

The political doctrine that asserted monarchs derived their authority from God, thus opposing rebellion was considered a sin.

Absolutism

A political system where a single ruler holds absolute power, often justified by divine right.

Industrial Revolution

A period of major industrialization from the late 18th to early 19th centuries that transformed economies from agrarian to industrial.

Romanticism

An artistic and intellectual movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries emphasizing emotion, individualism, and nature.

Liberalism

A political ideology advocating for civil liberties, democracy, and the protection of individual rights.

Socialism

A political and economic theory advocating for collective or governmental ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods.

Neoclassicism

An artistic movement that sought to revive the classical style of ancient Greece and Rome, characterized by symmetry and simplicity.

Baroque Art

An artistic style from the late 16th century to the early 18th century known for its dramatic use of light and color, grandeur, and emotional intensity.