AP Euro Semester Review

Unit 1 

The expansion of Europe:

Renaissance, Exploration and New Monarchs

  • Challenge to scholasticism (ancient greek learning into christianity)

  • 14th century 

    • chaos , upheaval, plague, great schism (1417), peasant/urban revolt (response to black death), vernacular literature, decline of feudalism in the west (hit harder by plague)

  • 100 years war (don't need to know battles)

    • New weapons, decline of chivalry warfare (knights), required more strength 

    • France regained control (with help of joan of arc) ended first phase

Renaissance Italy 

  • Italian vs Northern 

  • Italian (more secular) concern with human potential and beauty of human body, active life, physical education (horse riding using a sword) mastery of classics 

  • Italy was the most urbanized in Europe, lots of different people exchange of ideas

  • Secular justification for political power (machiavelli) unify italy and push out  other countries 1492 habsburg-valois wars 

  • Printing press 1455 helped to spread renaissance and reformation 

  • Column and circular windows  

New Monarchs 

  • Leader of during 450-1550 trying to reassert power of state, control the nobility, basis of taxation, professional armies (advances with military), unified legal code, develop bureaucracy,  

  • England, Russia, Spain, France, weakness of HRE (habsburg dynasty), Poland 

Exploration (be able to explain how and why) grid system, map making ect. 

  • European expansion 

  • Facilitated by new monarchies, able to sustain overseas voyages 

  • Gunpowder empires 

  • Columbian exchange, expansion of middle class 

  • Treaty of tordesillas (Spain and portugal) 

Unit 2

Religious Reformation and Warfare

  • Christian Humanism (early 16th century) 

    • Effort to apply principles of renaissance scholarship ad fonts(importance of original manuscripts)

    • Beliefs is that words have changes meaning 

    • Focused around reviving christian text (more pure form of it) 

    • Erassmus (not from nobility), know how to read and write, can keep records (from middle class) use knowledge to help state expand 

    • Art- focused on christian themes and religious beliefs of person who views the painting 

    • Luther introduced reformation (catholic church is teaching incorrectly about salvation worship structure forgiveness and indulgences, he denies church councils (who is jesus)  and the pope, his authority is the bible (sola scriptura) good works is not how you achieve salvation (it comes from fate and faith of christ- sola fite) sola gratia- grace is spiritual quality that gives you grace in the eyes of God. 

    • Women could read the bible, they were important for spreading the gospel 

    • confessionalization - adhere to a set of beliefs 

    • Anabaptists 

    • Social impact of protestant reformation (class order, women, education etc)

    • Also other reformers (zwingli- they're ideas clashed) 

    • Calvin (how he applied protestant reformation in geneva) genevan academy

    • Reformation divided europe from protestant and catholic 

    • One king one faith one law

    • Legacy of reformation toleration 

  • Heresy (counter to orthodox beliefs) can also be outside of religion 

  • Printing press (martin luther) success of protestant reformation 

Religious Wars 

  • Causes , factors, results 

  • Politique emerges in end of 16th century religion to promote politics

  • French wars of religion

  • Bourbon monarchy 

  • Edict of nantes

  • 80 years war (dutch v. spanish)  

  • Division of spanish and netherlands 

  • France opposed Habsburg 

  • England was leading protestant power 

  • Peace of augsburg (led to 30 years war)

  • Advance of huguenots in southern france (nobles adopted huguenots beliefs) 

  • Treaty of westphalia 1648

    •  spanish netherlands 

30 years War

  • Began as religious conflict but became political 

  • 4 phases (represent shifting motives)

  • Main battles ground was germany 

  • Russia and england were not involved 

  • Why is it important? Ends age of religious warfare, In charge of its own religious situation (in control of their own politics, sovereign states, marked european diplomacy)

  • Military revolution (infantry and foo

t soldier gunpowder musket rather than sword)

  • Lays foundation for absolutism 

Protestant reformation: Gave states more control over religion states had more control over morality 

Growth of skepticism (mountain) descarte, diderot, voltaire 

Age of baroque art caravaggio (know about art) mannerism, italian and northern renaissance, baroque (catholic church perspective) 

Unit 3

Life in Early Modern Europe 1500-1700

18 terms in canvas 

  • Remnants of feudalism with emergence of modern methods of finance and production (russia was not modern, and did not partake in scientific revolution or reformation)

  • Demand for good (price revolution) and population increase, led to money economy (broader baking, paper money, joint stock Dutch/british east india company, mercantilism money=wealth)

  • People lived in villages (cash crops, traditional standard of how families acted) cohesion through social norms 

  • Peasant revolts, taxes went up

  • Modern systems of economics, developments of commercially oriented cities

  • Witchcraft accusation 1580 -1650 (be able to explain why)

    • People believed in folk tradition and black magic 

    • Ended because elites didn't want to patronize trials and had evidence 

    • Increased bible readings after religious wars caused fear  

    • switzerland , france, and germany 

  • Peasant revolt

  •  pieter bruegel 

    • Scenes of everyday life 

Unit 4 

Scientific Revolution 

  • What were characteristics of old science 

  • Gallen, galileo (starry messenger)

  • How do things fit together 

  • Epistemology (what is knowledge)

  • Cosmology (structure of the universe) old thinking was geocentric and static 

    • Heavenly was circular and secular was straight 

  • New epistemology was based on scientific method (thought experiments) bacon (knowledge comes from observation and running tests) and descartes (deductive and mathematical reasoning support your conclusion) goal to reach a natural law 

  • Astronomy copernicus (catholic priest who came up with a more accurate calendar) heliocentric theory 

  • Microscope and telescope (observation)

  • Anatomy and microbiology antone b

  • French academy of science (founded in age of absolutism) seek out scientific advantages could be used for prestige 

  • Impact it had on women

    • They participated in germany (worked with usbands) 

    • Excused from scientific academy and universities 

    • To what extent did women's participation improve their status? (leq) reformation scientific revolution french revolution etc

Unit 5

Growth of the State and the Balance of Power

  • Political theory why did theories of absolutism being during this period 

  • Age of crisis 1550 -1650 poor weather, witch trials, need for security and order (absolutism)

  • Divine right (unused in france) monarch is god on earth so opposing him is opposing god 

  • Hobbes (state of nature, liberal political theory, commonwealth under a sovereign, govt can’t take your life away but can make any laws, nothing is worse than state of nature english civil war) and locke (glorious revolution, checks and balances, formed to secure the rights of the people)

  • Ex of monarchs  france under Louis 14th, versailles (control nobility) network (opera, paintings etc) art is baroque but louis like neoclassical HRE was more baroque

  • Louis waged many wars on easter frontier and dutch republic then HRE lastly was spanish throne and habsburg

  • Dutch was greatest commercial nation (oppositions to spain) enemy of france, system of finance and baking,  took over colonies of portugal, relations to japan, eclipsed by french and british 

  • Mercantilism- scarcity of resources (caused competition) zero sum (one gain one lose) hard money (gold and silver)

  • Atlantic economy 

    • Slave trade/middle passage 15th century- 19th century (caribbean sugar island or british north american colonies) 

    • Development of european dominated trade and relationship with rest of the world 

    • Peace of utrecht 1713-1714 end of spanish succession (spanish netherland became austria netherland, gained gibraltar

    • Colonies empire 1763 (different warfare than religious war) compare two period of warfare (leq)

    • Compare 1617-1648 to 1763 (end of seven years war)

    • Britain became leading power 

    • Negative side effect was polish partition (internal weakness) returned at end of WWI

    • Spain's decline 

      •  Losing end of 30 years war

      • Population decrease 

      • Brief revival of  spain under bourbon 1701

    • Prussia had good bureaucracy gained selesia became a major power 

    • Austria v prussia (austrian succession prussia won to gain selesia)

    • Britain v france 

    • Russia was a major power peter the great (who dies in 1735) goal to visit west and use scientific revolution to build navy, war against sweden (major power in the north after 30 years war) 

    • HRE became increasingly irrelevant (abolished by Napoleon in 1806)

    • Enlightened absolutism 

    • Baroque style art (velazquez)

Unit 6 

Enlightenment Old Regime and Napoleon 

Enlightenment (ap exam) 

  • Think for yourself, progress

  • Paris, London, Amsterdam 

Old Regime

  • Age of enlightenment but not enlightened age 

  • Explain what is unequal (3 estates, gender, education, class system etc)

  • Still had church calendar and blood sports 

  • Popular culture (chivalry and religion, simple readings) vs elite culture (literate, printing press, novels, stories will moral lessons didactic, magazines, newspapers, public opinion)

  • People were still very religious (complexity point in LEQ)

  • Politics, feminism (wollstonecraft) montesquieu, travel literature 

Art 

  • Rococo 

  • Ex. swing, heavy paint on canvas, lush environment, ,any cures, pastels, lighthearted themes, idea of enchanted or mystical

  • Neoclassical 

  • Enlightenment notion of art, reflection of new developments in science and technology (Joseph wright, experiments with and air pump) 

Unit 7 

French Revolution 

What caused the French Revolution (LEQ)

Long term 

  • Social and political structure over past 100 years, 3 estates and their status

Short term

  • Poor economy bread prices went up, enlightenment, financial crisis (immediate) 

Liberal phase 

  • Top down: Remaking political order, 83 departments, 1791, declaration of rights of man, more radical direction 

  • Goes to war in spring of 1792

  • Unitary government controlled from paris (83 departments)

Radical Phase

  • Davis (Death of Marat) 

  • Led to reign of terror

  • Abolition of slavery, dechristianization, new calendar

  • Robsipiree was guillotined led to directory 

French Expansion 

  • Mass citizens armies (fighting for liberty, equality and fraternity) and french national anthem 

  • Napoleon gained power in 1799 

  • Invades russia in 1812 but fails 

  • Unit topics 5.3 (rivalry between france and great britain)  1689 1850 

Unit 8

Industrial Europe: Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism 

  • Beginnings of modernism

  • Dual revolution (19th century)

    • Political revolution of france (thought it was incomplete) + Revolution of production and labor 

  • Great britain was the first country to industrialize 

    • Isolated from continental affairs (island) 

    • Commercial empire and strong navy 

    • Middle class representation 

    • Access to coal and iron ore for steel and railroads

    • Participated in scientific revolution 

    • Europe eventually caught up with Britain  

    • 1851 (crystal palace exposition) 

  • Railroads were very important (not based on people or animals who needed rest)

  • Major industrial areas: Glasgow, lyon, mian, saxony, berlin, brussels, frankfurt

  • Continental industrialization (active role of government and tariffs which was different than britain) 

  • Some countries still had serfdom (very ineffective) spain, ottoman empire, austrian empire, and russia 

Effects

  • Huge population increase (could support more people due to efficiency) 

  • Revolutions of 1848 

  • Impact: class structure, capital vs. labor, family life (family economy males worked outside the home, females were domestic) environmental problems (cities which led to disease which stimulated new laws) child labor laws and schooling requirements, sewage and sanitation regulation, 5 political ideologies liberalism, conservatism, nationalism, feminism, socialism