distinctive characteristics tw4

15 era 4

The conflict in the Christian world about whether the worldly or spiritual power should be dominant, known as the investiture controversy

13 era 4

The rise of trade and craft laying the foundation for the revival of an agrarian-urban society

14 era 4

The emergence of the bourgeoise and the growing independence of the cities

16 era 4

The expansion of the Christian world, e.g. through the crusades

17 era 4

The beginning of state-structure and centralization

18 era 5

The beginning of overseas expansion

19 era 5

The changing image of the world during the renaissance and the beginning of new scientific interest known as the scientific revolution

20 era 5

The renewed interest in the classical heritage from the Greeks and Romans

21 era 5

The Protestant reformation as a result of the division of the Christian church in Western Europe

22 era 5

The conflict in the Netherlands resulting in the foundation of a Dutch state

23 era 6

The monarchs’ strive for absolute power

24 era 6

The exception in Europe - the Dutch republic in the golden age: politics, economics and culture

25 era 6

Worldwide trading: trade capitalism and the beginning of a world economy

26 era 6

The scientific revolution

27 era 7

The enlightenment: rational and optimistic thinking would lead to a better understanding of man and society in all fields: religion, politics, economy and social equality

28 era 7

The Ancien Regime continued but monarchs were influenced by the enlightenment: Enlightened Absolutism

29 era 7

The extension of European domination in the colonies: plantations and transatlantic slave trade and rise of abolitionism