Human Geography Y1 + models

Frank’s dependency

-World split into core (developed) and periphery (developing) countries.

-Globalisation benefits core (Africa export raw materials, import manufactured goods)

-Explains inequality, power relationships in trade, critiques globalisation but too simple (doesn’t include emerging)

Environmental Kuznets Curve

• As counties develop, environmental damage increases then decreases forming U shape

• Industrialisation, limited regulations, focus on economic growth

• Wealth allows investment in cleaner technologies, stronger laws, service based economies (UK has less emissions/clean air. Countries move from coal to renewables

• Explains why rich countries cleaner, links economic growth+environment

• Not all follow curve (China), ignores outsourcing, issues like GW don’t fix easy, assumes growth automatically stops degradation

Papa New Guinea Indigenous lifestyles

• 80% forested+inaccessible with 100s ethnic indigenous groups (music, art, dance)

• 95% exports raw materials (oil, gas, palm oil, timber)

• Illegal deforestation huge problem, licenses for “farming” used for logging timber, road construction encourages deforestation (PFL)

• Corruption/TNCs cause deliberate destruction

Open Door 1978

• Aimed to attract FDI, encourage exports

• SEZs cheap labour, economic benefits, relaxed regulations for TNCs

• 10% GDP growth 3 decades

• “Worlds factory” cheap manufacturing

• 300m+ out of poverty but exploitation, inequality, pollution

Pepys Estate

• Post war housing estate SE London along Thames

• 1200 affordable flats

• Regeneration/gentrification into Deptford

• Successful transformation but conflict (displacement/inequality)

• Lewisham remains top 20% most deprived boroughs

Bromley

• 300 000 population now considered a commuter town

• Growth from railway expansion post Industrial Revolution

• Regeneration improved economy/QoL but gentrification/social inequality

• 75% white, sparsely populated (2000/km2) but above national avg

EasyJet

• Founded 1995 with 30 000 passengers

• Now 300 flight routes with 65m passengers 2014

• Increased European connectivity, trade, migration

• Economic growth, tourism but pollution

• Made popular by selling tickets online (convenient/accessible)

Belt and Road Initiative 2013

• Transport/trade routes, energy infrastructure expands influence, resources secured

• Jobs, infrastructure, trade for participants

• 150 countries, $8tr invested, 66% world population, 40% GDP

• Silk Road economic belt: railways/roads, Maritime Silk Road: ports

• China-Pakistan economic corridor $60bn, economy increase Pakistan

• Debt dependency: Sri Lanka leased port for 100 years

• Expands influence, challenges western dominance but reliant on fossil fuels, construction damaging

Detached places

• N/S Korea divided. N autocratic ruled single family deliberately politically isolated but S developed with global brands

• Ordinary citizens no access to internet or social media, no undersea data cables

• Niger+Chad landlocked, trade harder/more expensive/less FDI. Mismanaged natural/human resources, literacy rates 40%

Todmorden

• Transition town

• Consumers/growers encouraged to work together to be sustainable

• Campaign created 40 fruit/veg gardens

• Explains how towns adopt bottom up strategies for sustainability and independence

Containerisation 60s

• Reduced shipping costs 90%

• Growth of supply chains (China major manufacturing hub)

• Ports like shenzhen benefitted from this

• Increased globalisation, consumer choice, interdependence but risk (port closures/delays impact supply chains)

Totnes pound

• Launched 2007 in Devon

• Aims to support local businesses and reduce economic leakage

• Local multiplier effect

WB 1944

• Reduces global poverty by providing loans/grants/advice to improve living standards (infrastructure projects)

• Distributed $65bn in loans/grants but impose strict conditions and all its presidents have been American

IMF 1944

• Transfer loans from HICs so those applying must agree to run free market economies so TNCs can locate there easily

• Strict conditions on government borrowing leading to less spending on healthcare/education

WTO 1995

• Promotes trade liberalisation, regulates trade rules for 98% of trade. Lowers tariffs/barriers

• Failed to stop UK/US subsidising food producers impacting poor farmers