Anthro 1 Final (Quizzlet Import)

The term "hominin" refers to…

modern day humans and extinct human ancestors

What traits evolved first in our lineage?

bipedalism

Charles Darwin hypothesized that humans evolved in…

Africa

Cladistics group organisms according to their last common ancestors based on shared…

derived traits

The Aridity Hypothesis argues that the expansion of ____ drove early hominin evolution and diversification

grasslands

The ____ hypothesis states that long term environmental unpredictability led to morphological and behavioral adaptations

Variable Selection

Most archaeological research supports the theory that the last common ancestor of hominins and apes was a/an ____ creature

arboreal

The hallux refers to the…

big toe

Sahelanthropus tchadensis dates to approximately ____ million years ago

6

One primitive trait of Ardipithecus ramidus is its…

diverged hallux

Sahalanthropis Chadensis is the first species that indicates adaptations for…

bipedalism

Sexual dimorphism in primates can be indicated by ____ size

canine

According to lecture, which is the earliest species associated with the use of primitive stone tools

Au. garhi

The Taung child demonstrated…

our common heritage in Africa

The robust australopithecines are called "robust" because of their large…

chewing muscles

The first characterizations of Archaic Homo sapiens as distinct and less intelligent than Modern Homo sapiens is due in part to…

anthropocentrism

Glacial periods are defined by

lower sea levels

What species is often lumped under the heading of Archaic Homo sapiens?

H. heidelbergensis

When analyzing the transition between H. erectus and Archaic Homo sapiens, what traits is the most defining of Archaic Homo sapiens?

increased cranial capacity

When analyzing Archaic Homo sapiens specimens from Africa, Asia, and Europe, one can conclude that…

regional variation is present

A defining feature of a Neanderthal cranium is…

occipital bun causing increased cranial capacity int he occipital region

What is the name of the tool technology primarily used by Neanderthals?

Mousterian

One of the main advantages of the Levallois technique was that…

one core could produce many tools

The extensive injuries sustained by Shanidar 1 and the La Chapelle-aux-Saints Neanderthal were most likely the result of…

close-range hunting of large animals

Denisovans

The branch of the Archaic Homo sapiens that was regionally adapted to Siberia and the Tibetan Plateau

Which group of modern humans are Denisovans most closely related to, according to genetic analyses?

Melanesians

One of the most remarkable aspects of Homo naledi is the species'…

relatively primitive features

According to "Becoming Human: the Last Human Standing," the Neanderthal genome…

Showed that no interbreeding between Neanderthals and modern humans had occurred

One reason humans cannot be divided into discrete "races" is because…

most human traits vary on a continuous basis with no clear lines of demarcation

The idea developed by Ancient Greek philosophers that all objects, plants, animals, humans, and celestial bodies can be mapped in an overall hierarchy like a ladder is called...

Great Chain of Being

Eugenics

The attempt to formalize the social scientific study of "fitness" and "superiority" among members of 19th century

Human diversity cannot be broken into discrete "races," because most physical traits vary on a ____ basis

clinal

Two neutral microevolutionary processes that may produce a cline in a human allele or trait are...

gene flow and genetic drift

Where do human populations exhibit the highest amount of admixture from archaic species?

Oceania

Human variation varies on a clinal basis, as can be seen when looking at worldwide polymorphisms like...

ABO blood type

Traits like ____ are the product of many millennia of natural selective pressures from the external environment influencing human biology

skin color and lactase persistance

Among the global human population, genetic distances are correlated with ____

geographic distances

Thinking of humans in terms of populations was part of Julian Huxley's (1942) idea of…

modern synthesis

Naturalists like Comte de Buffon and Johann Blumenbach believed that...

differences in environment could lead to biological changes between different groups of people (i.e., races)

phenotypic plasticity

The ability of one individual to change their physiology or morphology in response to environmental conditions

convection

when a warm body is surrounded by a cooler fluid (e.g. air or water) and heat is transferred from the warmer body to the cooler fluid

vasodilation

(in hot temperatures) when there is an expansion of the capillaries within the skin leading to a more effective transfer of heat from within the body to the exterior to occur

All of the following are stressors at high altitude, but the most significant challenge to human homeostasis is...

cold temperatures, reduced nutritional base, increased solar radiation, decreased oxygen availability

Acclimatory adjustments that occur at high altitudes include all of the following...

increased speed and depth of breathing (hyperpnea), increased number of capillaries, modifications to red blood cells

People who are born and grow up in high altitudes tend to have ____ than their low altitude counterparts

have a increased heart capacity

Studies of Americans parents and caregivers in the 1990s during the "back to sleep campaign" demonstrated that…

placing infants to sleep on their backs can lead to infant cranial deformation

While sickle cell disease is often associated with Africa, it can also be found in high incidences in which part of the world?

the Mediterranean

The following is true about melanin…

comes in two types, eumelanin and pheomelanin, production is influenced by inherited (genetic) factors, ,production is influenced by external (e.g. UV radiation exposure) factors

Light colored skin may have evolved because...

allows enough UV light to penetrate the skin to synthesize vitamin D

Rickets is characterized by inadequately calcified bones that are softer and more flexible than normal. Individuals with rickets may not have received enough ____ during their growth and development

vitamin D

Gloger's Rule

states that within the same species of mammals the more heavily pigmented individuals tend to be found near the equator

The Inuit people of Canada, Greenland, Alaska, and Denmark have a darker skin tone than would not be anticipated at that northern latitude. This darker skin tone likely reflects...

their consumption of vitamin D rich foods

gene flow

exchange of genes between populations

Genetic Drift

random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations

Population Bottlenecks and Founder Effects

Severe reduction in population size, loss of genetic variation. Much less genetic variation than in the original population

Heterogeniety

The quality of being diverse genetically

Homogenous

The quality of being uniform genetically

Monogenic

the hereditary passing on of traits determined by a single gene

Bergmann's Rule

For a broadly distributed monophyletic group, species and populations of smaller size tend to be found in environments with warmer climates and those of larger size tend to be found in ones that are colder

Cline

A continuum of gradations (i.e., degrees or levels) of a specific trait

The traits common to modern Homo sapiens appeared gradually over time and out of sync with each other. This is called _______ evolution

mosaic

One of the most defining features of a modern Homo sapiens skull is its...

globular skull

One skull trend across hominin evolution that reaches an extreme with modern Homo sapiens is...

reduction in face size

Modern Homo sapiens have a skull structure lacking in earlier hominins. What is that structure?

mental eminence

The postcranial slenderness seen in modern Homo sapiens is a probable adaptation for...

long distance running

Our species is an expert at living in a wide array of environments, with populations culturally specializing in their own particular surroundings. This concept is called the…

generalist concept

The sites of Jebel Irhoud, Omo, and Herto in Africa are particularly informative sites with fossils of...

Early Modern H. sapiens

The high level of diversity in the fossils found at the sites of Jebel Irhoud, Omo, and Herto in Africa support...

African multiregionalism

Sunda and Sahul were...

prehistoric land masses traversed by modern human Asians due to lowered sea levels

The term "Cro-Magnon" most accurately refers to...

the remains for four adults and one infant found in a rock shelter in France dating to 28,000 years ago

Chauvet and Lascaux in France are two sites famous for...

cave art

The wide variety of artifacts found in the Blombos Cave in South Africa suggest that...

toolmaking and artistry were more complex than previously thought for the Middle Stone Age

All of the following species are among the four most commonly represented in Chauvet Cave...

cave lions, mammoths, wooly rhinoceros, cave bears

What pair of animals is shown in a headbutt in Chauvet Cave?

rhinoceros