Ap World, ALL VOCAB, Exam- clay

Niccolo Machiavelli

An influential writer during the Italian renaissance who theorized how to seize and maintain power and wrote 'The Prince'.

Humanism

An idea that focuses on humankind as the main point for study and sciences. During the renaissance, humanist ideas were the main focus.

Northern Renaissance

The innovations of culture, technology, and art in Northern Europe that spread ideas further across Europe, causing the reformation of Christianity.

Francis I

A French king during the sixteenth century who supported the renaissance and strengthened France with education, art, literature, and humanism, and formed an alliance with the Ottomans.

Johannes Gutenberg

A German inventor who introduced the concept of printing, which helped share the renaissance innovations to other European countries.

European-style Family

A pattern from the fifteenth century with late marriage, nuclear families, and lower birth rates, differentiating from regular agricultural families.

Martin Luther

A German monk who protested the Church. Wrote the 95 Theses which started the Protestant Reformation.

Protestantism

A part of Christianity that was against the Catholic Church and wanted it to have less power. Resulted from Martin Luther's actions.

Anglican Church

A church made by Henry VIII so he could divorce his wives without the Catholic Church punishing him.

Jean Calvin

A French Protestant during the 1500s who supported predestination and made the Calvinist belief that became very popular in Europe.

Catholic Reformation

The restatement of Catholic belief after the Protestant Reformation. Made new councils and systems to argue with the Protestants.

Jesuits

A religious order made by the Catholic Reformation providing education, missionary work, and political improvements. Helped regain Catholic authority, stretching to Asia and America.

Edict of Nantes

A grant of tolerance of the Protestants to France after many bloody battles. Helped slow down the religious wars which were killing millions.

Thirty Years War

War between German Protestants and the Holy Roman Empire that made Germany lose much of its power.

Treaty of Westphalia

The agreement that ended the Thirty Years War, giving states the ability to choose their belief, which settled rebellions in Europe.

English Civil War

A war between Calvinists, Anglicans, and Catholics that ended with the execution of King Charles, showing the religious tensions of the English.

Proletariat

A new class of poverty that emerged during the growing commercialization of Europe as inflation grew and peasants were hit hard by rising prices.

Witchcraft Persecution

The unfair targeting of poor people by accusing them of believing in spiritual and magical powers. Killed over a hundred thousand likely innocent people.

Scientific Revolution

A period of technological and intellectual advancements during the seventeenth century that led to more theoretical ideas rather than religious ideas.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish monk and astronomer who basically initiated the scientific revolution with ideas of logic and planetary motion.

Johannes Kepler

An astronomer and mathematician who discovered the laws of planetary motion.

Galileo Galilei

A philosopher and scientist who improved on the scientific method and others' discoveries like the compass and the telescope.

William Harvey

English physician who discovered how blood moves in the body and provided accurate demonstrations of the human body.

Francis Bacon

English philosopher who improved on the scientific method and supported empirical research.

Rene Descartes

Mathematician and philosopher known as the father of philosophy who introduced the idea that people should question beliefs before accepting them.

Isaac Newton

English scientist who introduced the basic laws of motion and natural laws like gravity.

Deism

The concept of god during the scientific revolution, applying scientific ideas to Christianity and god.

John Locke

English philosopher who introduced the idea that the people of a government hold more power than the kings and politicians.

Absolute Monarchy

A government system where the monarch controls everything, summed up by 'I am the state' by King Louis XIV.

Louis XIV

One of the French monarchs who was an absolute monarch and made improvements in language and science in France.

Glorious Revolution

The settlement of the English civil wars that agreed that the parliament had more power over the king.

Parliamentary Monarchy

A political system with a king but with a group of legislatures that held more power, helping limit the power of the king.

Frederick the Great

A Prussian king during the eighteenth century who improved the military, freedom of religion, and agriculture during his rule.

Enlightenment

A movement in France during the eighteenth century that improved upon scientific advances from the scientific revolution.

Adam Smith

A Scottish philosopher during the enlightenment who made liberal economics, giving way to innovative governments and politics.

Denis Diderot

A French figure during the enlightenment who made the first encyclopedia.

Mary Wollstonecraft

A feminist during the enlightenment who introduced women into the enlightenment and fought for women's rights.

Mass Consumerism

The need for more and more materials to be consumed. Boosted Western societies' economies and supported new inventions.

Proto-Globalization

The increase of global contact as Europeans expanded their role in trade and took control of many parts of the world.

Ottoman Dynasty

Turkic dynasty from Central Asia in the 13th century that believed in Sunni Islam. A strong Islamic empire that influenced the culture, economy, and political structure of the region.

Safavid Dynasty

A Turkic dynasty from Sufi mystics in the 15th century located between the Ottomans and Mughals, believing in Shi'a Islam. Rivaled the Ottomans and influenced political, artistic, and cultural structures.

Mughal Empire

An Islamic empire based in India established from Mongolian descent. Controlled much of India and flourished in architecture and culture with a mix of Hindu and Islamic beliefs.

Mehmed II

Ottoman sultan who led a giant army that captured Constantinople from the Byzantine Empire, a primary city for trade and turning point for Ottoman power.

Janissaries

An Ottoman division of troops made up of young boys from conquered areas. Became a significant portion of the Ottoman military and gained influence over political power.

Vizier

The head of the imperial administration who had more power than the Sultan.

Red Heads

The Safavid followers who were crucial to establishing the Safavid Empire.

Sail al-Din

First ruler of the Safavid dynasty who set the base for Shi'a influence and political structure.

Isma'il

The first Shah of the Safavid dynasty who had many battlefield successes and expanded the empire.

Chaldiran

The site of the battle between the Safavids and Ottomans, showing the religious differences between Shi'a and Sunni belief.

Abbas the Great

A Safavid ruler who created a new regiment of captured Russians like the Janissaries and developed western military tactics and technologies.

Imams

Rulers of the Safavids who claimed descent from Ali. They held spiritual authority and were key to creating religious laws and traditions.

Mullahs

Local Safavid mosque officials who taught and spread Islam across Persia and pushed the strict Shi'a influence.

Isfahan

The capital of the Safavids under Abbas the Great, containing great architectural feats including mosques, arches, and gardens.

Nadir Khan Afshar

Proclaimed ruler of the Safavid restoration who had a short rule that resulted in the complete fall of the Safavids.

Babur

Founder of the Mughal Empire, a strong military strategist from Turkic descent who started conquests into north India.

Humayan

Son of Babur who was originally expelled from the Mughals but took control back for a short time before his death.

Akbar

Son of Humayan and one of the most powerful Mughal leaders who reformed the Empire by expanding it, reorganizing the two religions, and establishing a strong political system.

Din-i-Ilahi

A religion initiated by Akbar as an unsuccessful attempt to combine Hindu and Islamic religions.

Sati (Mughal)

Practice of burning widows at their husbands' funerals, rejected by Akbar to show his attempts to unite the Mughal empire culturally.

Purdah

The seclusion of Indian women in their homes, rejected by Akbar as part of his cultural unification efforts.

Aurangzeb

Mughal emperor after Shah Jahan who showed the stylish cloth and arts that the empire produced.

Taj Mahal

A famous architectural feat made in the Mughal Empire by Shah Jahan as a memorial for his wife.

Nur Jahan

The wife of Jahangir who had power in the courts while Jahangir was less focused on politics, showing the power of elite women.

Mumtaz Mahal

Wife of Shah Jahan and the original purpose of the Taj Mahal. She had a political role in the courts.

Marattas

Rebels of the Mughal empire in west India who resulted in the fall of the Mughal empire.

Sikhs

A group of religious people of northwest India who persecuted Muslims as they tried to persecute Hinduism or Sikhism, leading to further conflict and the fall of the Mughals.

Kuriltai

The meeting with all of the Mongol Chieftains, crucial to the Mongol empire's organization during their conquest.

Khagan

The supreme ruler of the Mongolian Empire, looked up to as powerful by many Mongols and foreigners.

Tumens

Fighting units of 10,000 Mongol warriors with battle armor and gear that demolished empires and strengthened the Mongol fighting strategy.

Karakorum

The city Genghis Khan chose as his capital, providing a definite place for writers, artists, and scholars.

Batu

A grandson of Genghis Khan who helped expand the Mongol empire in many ways.

Ogedei

One of Genghis Khan's sons who helped conquer and expand the Empire into the west.

Golden Horde

One of the 4 states created after Genghis Khan's death that helped Mongolia conquer parts of Russia and Europe.

Khanates

The 4 states that divided the Mongolian territory after Genghis Khan's death, helping conquer their different regions.

Prester John

A mythical leader whose territory was split from Europe by Muslim conquests. Many kingdoms in Europe thought Genghis was Prester John.

Baibars

The commander of Egyptian forces at the time of the Mongol Conquests who pushed back the Mongols despite having been enslaved by them.

Berke

One of the leaders of the Golden Horde who made an alliance with Baibars, leading to a stop in Mongol invasions.

Kubilai Khan

One of Genghis Khan's grandsons who led many invasions into China's territories.

Yuan Dynasty

The name Kublai Khan gave to his territories in China, one of the only foreign rules in China, helping exchange arts, sciences, and technologies worldwide.

Chabi

The wife of Kubilai Khan who was able to influence many of his decisions.

Romance of the West Chamber

Chinese drama written during the Yuan period, one of the most famous Chinese works of the era, showing continued literary vitality during Mongol rule.

White Lotus Society

Secret religious society dedicated to the overthrow of the Yuan dynasty in China, typical of peasant resistance to Mongol rule.

Zhu Yuanzhang

The given name of the Hongwu emperor, founder of the Ming dynasty, who brought back the norms of China.

Ming Dynasty

The Chinese dynasty that rose to power after the Yuan dynasty and brought back more Chinese societal norms.

Hongwu

The emperor of the Ming dynasty, the name of Zhu Yuanzhang after he became emperor.

Foot-binding

A cultural practice in China that binds a woman's foot to limit access to the outside, showing the limitation of women's roles in China.

Bushi

The heads of the small kingdoms in Japan who had their own governments and together had more power than the imperial government.

Samurai

The Japanese fighters that protected the kingdoms, dedicated to their warrior lifestyle and known for being loyal.

Seppuku

The suicide performed by samurai to protect their family name from embarrassment, representing the warrior code of the samurai.

Taira

One of the powerful families in Japan who were rivals with the Minamoto family and were eventually defeated.

Minamoto

One of the powerful families in Japan who defeated the Taira family in the Gempei Wars and created an important military government.

Gempei Wars

The 5 year war between the Taira and Minamoto families showing the extent of the mini-kingdoms in Japan.

Bakufu

The government established by the Minamoto family that still had an emperor but was really ruled by military power.

Hojo

One of the allied families with the Minamoto family who were able to take their role once the Minamotos were weakened.

Ashikaga Takauji

One of the members of the Minamoto family who overthrew the Kamakura regime and established the Ashikaga Shogunate.

Ashikaga Shogunate

The kingdom established by Ashikaga Takauji that drove the emperor into exile and took control over Kyoto.

Politically Decentralized Societies

Societies that focus more on kinship-related roles instead of one concentrated power, the political state of many tribes in Africa.

Maghrib

Western North Africa, a region where Islam spread fast.

Sahel

The grasslands in north Africa, home of many kingdoms and empires like Ghana, Mali, and Songhay.

Sudanic

The generalized languages from the Sahel region that formed the Sahel kingdoms.