APHG Unit 7

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid industrial growth beginning in the 18th century marked by mechanization and factory production.

Industrialization

The process of shifting from agriculture to manufacturing and industry.

Urbanization

The movement of people from rural areas to cities.

Colonialism

The practice of acquiring and controlling territories for resources and economic gain.

Imperialism

Extending a country's power through political, economic, or military control.

Primary sector

Extracts raw materials from the Earth (farming, mining).

Secondary sector

Processes raw materials into finished goods (manufacturing).

Tertiary sector

Provides services (retail, healthcare, education).

Quaternary sector

Focuses on information and knowledge (research, data).

Quinary sector

High-level decision making (government, executives).

Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth

A model that explains development as a series of five stages from traditional society to high mass consumption.

Wallerstein's World System Theory

A model that divides the world into core, semiperiphery, and periphery based on economic power.

Core

Wealthy countries that dominate global trade and industry.

Semiperiphery

Countries with mixed levels of development and industry.

Periphery

Less developed countries that provide raw materials and labor.

Dependency Theory

The idea that poorer countries depend on richer countries, limiting development.

Least Cost Theory

A theory that industries locate where transportation, labor, and land costs are lowest.

Break-of-bulk point

A location where goods are transferred between transportation types.

Agglomeration

The clustering of similar businesses to reduce costs and share resources.

Deglomeration

The spreading out of businesses to reduce congestion and costs.

Just-in-time delivery

A system where goods arrive only as they are needed in production.

Outsourcing

Hiring another company to perform production tasks.