ITJ Exam 2

Swing

Music intended for dancing in the 1930s, ballads and up-tempo tunes. Employed the use of soli sections, backgrounds, call and response sections, and riff-based choruses. Wholesome reputation

Race Record

A term applied between 1921-1942 to phonograph recordings made in the USA, especially for black listeners coined by Ralph Peer of Okeh Records, the first company to have a “Race Series”

Differences in Swing

Electronic/Technological advancements in instruments and recording, Radios broadcasted music

Lindy Hop

Famous swing dance from the 1930s Savoy Ballroom in Harlem, can be danced to almost any style of music with blues or jazz rhythm

Savoy Ballroom

3 level venue for public music and dancing in Harlem. Acted as a center of African American entertainment from 1926 to 1958

Shout Chorus

innovation in swing where the last chorus of a swing band arrangement was often the loudest of the entire piece

Background Figures

innovation in swing featuring short, riff-based accompaniments the band plays behind an improvising soloist

The Soli

One section of instruments (normally the saxophone section) plays a harmonized melodic line

Territory Bands

Fused blues expressivity, the rhythmic drive of dance music, and the spontaneity of improvised solos and riffs. Was active in less dense areas such as the midwestern and south-central US. Provided job opportunities for black musicians.

Race in the Swing Era

Black bands had trouble at performance venues where they would not be admitted as patrons they were also unable to realize the same level of commercial success and visibility as bands light by white leaders during the time

Downfall of the Swing Era

Due to the military draft, fuel and rubber rations, the American Federation of Musicians recording ban, the swing era ended abruptly at the beginning of World War II

Fletcher Henderson (Swing)

Swing artist whose most notable talent was his arrangement skills, had an impressive orchestra featuring legendary musicians, represents the bridge between Dixieland and Swing

Benny Goodman (Swing)

American clarinetist and bandleader, known for expecting a high level of musicianship from his band members. His band was the most important musical organization of the swing era and helped make jazz an American popular music

Glen Miller (Swing)

American big-band leader and trombonist forming his first band in 1937. Joined the air force as a captain and assembled dance bands for the troops. Died a war hero, recordings still remain popular today

Cab Calloway (Swing)

Popular American jazz singer and bandleader that started in Chicago as a singer and dancer. famous for his extroverted singing, flamboyant appearance, and scat singing

Count Basie (Swing)

American jazz pianist and bandleader, took over an orchestra after the leader died and named it after himself, one of the only big band leaders of the swing era

Duke Ellington (Swing)

composer, band leader, and pianist, one of the most significant compositional figures. Found a balance between individual and group expression

Bebop

a modern jazz idiom created by a younger generation of African American musicians, a loose, improvisatory format and an eclectic repertory of standards studded with harmonic obstacles

Musical Elements in Bebop

Fast tempos, Competition between musicians, Chord Extensions, and Reharmonization, shifted back to jazz combos

Charlie Parker (Bebop)

Alto Saxophonist, One of the most important and innovative voices in jazz and led the movement of bebop. He's known for having created a large musical vocabulary but also from suffering drug abuse and mental health issues

Dizzy Gillespie (Bebop)

Trumpeter, bandleader, singer, composer. Known for setting a standard by playing higher, faster, and more accurately than anyone before him

Max Roach (Bebop)

American Drummer and Composer, the first musician to play melodic solos on drums; his solo drumming is often characterized by restraint, lyricism, and understatement

Thelonious Monk (Bebop)

house pianist, helped to formulate the emerging bop style

Bud Powell (Bebop)

pianist that helped create the bop sound. Known for his anti-pianistic style that was adopted by bop pianists, also known for his mental health decline

Cool Jazz

New style primarily created on the west coast in California, relaxed tempos and a reserved tonal style, Focused on melodic idea

Musical Elements of Cool Jazz

A jazz style that is seen as closest to a “classical” approach, Slower tempos than bebop and ensembles featured 3-9 performers

Gerry Mulligan (Cool)

Arranger and baritone saxophonist, Created his own “piano-less” quartet with Chet Baker in order to focus on composed and improvised counterpart, and became one of the most important bari sax players in all of jazz

The Modern Jazz Quartet (Cool)

Piano, Vibraphone, Drums, Bass, Brought a classical music “vibe” to the jazz scene by the way they presented themselves and their music

Dave Brubeck (Cool)

Pianist, Composer, His quartet was made famous for its use of odd time signatures, something not much explored in jazz prior

Miles Davis (Cool)

Trumpeter who got his start in the bebop era, set the cool movement in motion with his album