PSY121 W Crammies

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What are the two main approaches in research methods?

Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches.

What is Naturalistic Observation?

A research method involving the observation of subjects in their natural environment without manipulation.

What are the limits of Naturalistic Observation?

It may lack control over variables, can be time-consuming, and may not provide clear cause-and-effect relationships.

What is Systematic Observation?

A structured approach to observing and recording behaviors using coding systems.

What are some methodological issues in Systematic Observation?

Equipment reliability, reactivity, and sampling behaviors and experiences.

What is a Case Study?

An in-depth analysis of an individual, group, or event to explore complex issues.

What is Archival Research?

The use of existing records and data sources to conduct research.

What are the three types of archival data?

Statistical records, survey archives, and written, audio, and video records.

Why conduct surveys?

To gather information about facts, demographics, behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs.

What is the importance of question wording in surveys?

It affects the clarity, bias, and reliability of the responses.

What are Closed-Ended Questions?

Questions that provide specific response options for participants to choose from.

What are Open-Ended Questions?

Questions that allow respondents to answer in any way they choose.

What is a Graphic Rating Scale?

A scale that allows respondents to indicate their level of agreement or satisfaction visually.

What is a Semantic Differential Scale?

A scale that measures the meaning of concepts by rating them on a series of bipolar adjectives.

What is a Pictorial Scale?

A scale that uses images to gauge respondents' preferences or opinions.

What is the purpose of pilot testing a survey?

To refine questions and ensure clarity and effectiveness before full administration.

What are the two main types of survey administration?

Questionnaires and Interviews.

What are the different methods of administering surveys?

Mail surveys, Online surveys, Face-to-Face interviews, Telephone interviews, and Focus group interviews.

What is the significance of sampling from a population?

It allows researchers to make inferences about a larger group based on a smaller subset.

What is Probability Sampling?

Sampling methods that give each member of the population a known chance of being selected.

What is Simple Random Sampling?

A sampling technique where every individual has an equal chance of being selected.

What is Stratified Random Sampling?

A sampling method that divides the population into subgroups and randomly samples from each.

What is Cluster Sampling?

A sampling method that identifies existing groups or geographic areas and samples from those clusters.

What is Nonprobability Sampling?

A technique where the probability of any particular member of the population being chosen is unknown.

What is Convenience Sampling?

A nonprobability sampling technique where subjects are selected based on their availability.

What is Purposive Sampling?

A sampling method where individuals are selected based on certain characteristics or criteria.

What is Snowball Sampling?

A sampling technique where existing participants recruit future subjects from among their acquaintances.

What is Quota Sampling?

Sampling that reflects the numerical composition of various subgroups in the population using nonrandom techniques.

What are the advantages of probability sampling?

It allows for better generalization of results and represents the population more accurately.

What are the disadvantages of probability sampling?

It may be more costly and difficult to implement due to the need for a complete list of the population.

What are the advantages of nonprobability sampling?

It is often less expensive, more efficient, and more convenient.

What are the disadvantages of nonprobability sampling?

It can introduce bias, making results less generalizable to the intended population.

What is a Confidence Interval?

A range of values that is likely to contain the population parameter with a specified level of confidence.

What is Sampling Error?

The potential deviation from the true population value obtained using sample data.

How does sample size affect the confidence interval?

A larger sample size will reduce the size of the confidence interval, increasing precision.

What should be considered when formatting a survey instrument?

It should have an attractive appearance, be neatly typed, and free from errors to enhance readability.

What is a double-barreled question?

A question that asks about two different issues but allows for only one answer.

What is a loaded question?

A question that contains a controversial or unjustified assumption that can influence the response.

What are the three general types of survey questions?

Facts and demographics, behaviors, and attitudes and beliefs.

What is a response set?

A tendency for respondents to answer questions in a consistent manner rather than based on content.

What does the term 'order effects' refer to?

The potential influence that the order of treatment presentation may have on participants' responses.

What are

Cues in an experiment that may inform participants of the expected behavior, potentially biasing results.

What is the significance of communicating research results?

To share findings with the scientific community and the public, enhancing knowledge and informing future research.

What is the role of random assignment in experiments?

To prevent systematic biases by randomly assigning participants to different groups.

What is a dependent variable?

The outcome that is measured to assess the effect of the independent variable.

What is an independent variable?

The variable that is manipulated to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

What is a control group?

A group that does not receive the treatment, serving as a baseline to compare with the experimental group.

What is survey design to study changes over time?

A method that allows researchers to examine how variables change within the same subjects over intervals.

What does

A tendency for respondents to agree with statements regardless of content, which may skew results.

What are the steps in finalizing the survey instrument?

Formatting, sequencing questions, and pilot testing the survey.

What are Rating Scales?

Tools used to measure attitudes or opinions, including various scale formats like graphic and semantic differentials.

What is Yea-Saying?

A response bias where participants tend to agree with statements presented in a survey.

What is Nay-Saying?

A response bias where participants tend to disagree with statements presented in a survey.

What is a pilot study?

A trial run with a small number of participants to test the feasibility of the research design.