336 Final - Chapter 10

Primary emotions

Emotions experienced by people around the world.

Social smile

A smile that occurs in response to familiar people, which emerges between 6-10 weeks.

-At 8-20 weeks infants become more reactive and anger is more easily aroused.

Secondary emotions

Emotions that depend on cognitive development and an awareness of self and shape social behavior.

Emotional Regulation

The ability to regulate emotional states and responses.

Different emotional regulation ages and responses…

-6mo. → Gaze Aversion

-12mo. → Self Soothing

-18mo. → distraction or change of topic

Social referencing

Infants look to adults’ emotional expressions for clues on how to interpret and respond to ambiguous events.

Emotional display rules

Specify the circumstances under which various emotions should/should not be expressed.

Stranger wariness (Stranger anxiety)

Fear of unfamiliar people

Risk factors

Conditions that pose threats to healthy development and functioning.

Protective factors

Conditions that may shield children from risk factors.

Cognitive reprisal

Reconsidering a situation from a different perspective.

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory

Emotional experience is linked with social goals.

-Young adults build knowledge and experience by exploring variety

-As adults age, goals shift from the future oriented to the present oriented.

Temperament

The characteristic way in which an individual approaches and reacts to people and situation.

9 characteristics of the essence of temperament

-Activity level

-Regularity

-Approach-withdrawal

-Adaptability

-Intensity of reaction

-Threshold of responsiveness

-Quality of mood

-Distractibility

-Attention span

Easy temperament

In a positive mood, even-tempered, open, adaptable, regular, and predictable.

Difficult temperament

Active, irritable, and irregular in biological rhythms.

Slow to warm up temperament

Moody, inactive, slow to adapt to new situations.

Goodness of fit

Fit between a child’s temperament and the environment, especially parents’ temperaments and child-rearing methods.

Attachment

lasting emotional tie between two people who each strive to maintain closeness to the other and act to ensure the relationship continues.

Behaviorist theorists explain …

attachment as the result of infants associating their mothers with food, but feeding itself does not determine attachment.

Separation anxiety

Reaction to separations from an attachment figure characterized by distress, crying, and clinging.

Phases of Bowlby’s Ethological Theory of Attachment

Phase 1: Pre-Attachment-Indiscriminate Social Responsiveness.

Phase 2: Early Attachment-Discriminating Sociability

Phase 3: Attachments.

Separation anxiety (separation protest): reaction to separations from an attachment figure characterized by distress, crying, and clinging.

Phase 4: Reciprocal Relationships.

Bowlby’s Ethological Theory of Attachment

Humans are biologically driven to form attachments, so caregiving responses are inherited and triggered by infants and young children.

Security of attachment

Extent to which infants feel parents can reliably meet their needs.

Strange situation

Structured observational procedure that reveals the security of attachment when the infant is stressed.

Secure attachment

Explores the environment and plays with toys but regularly checks in.

Insecure avoidant attachment

Mixed pattern of responses to the mother

Insecure disorganized attachment

Conflict between approaching and fleeing the caregiver.

Secure base

View of the attachment figure as a foundation to return to when frightened.

Internal working model

Mental model of the caregiving relationship and infants’ expectations for care that includes infants’ expectations about whether they are worthy of love, whether their attachment figures will be available during times of distress, and how they will be treated.