BIOS 2210 (Microbes and Humans) Exam #1

microbiology

The study of organisms too small to be seen without magnification

microorganisms include

bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, helminths (worms), and algae

How long have bacteria-like organisms existed on earth?

about 3.5 billion years

prokaryotes

simple cells; no nucleus (first on earth)

eukaryotes

complex cells; have nucleus (came after prokaryotes)

prokaryotes structure

microscopic, unicellular, lack nuceus and membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotes structure

mciroscopic, unicellular and multicellular, have nucleus and membrane bound organelles

viruses

acellular, considered parasites (due to needing a host), composed of nucleic acids and proteins

photosynthesis

light fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material

decomposition

breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds

photosynthesis and decomposition do what...

maintain ecosystems, gas levels, and dead matter

biotechnology

Production of foods, drugs, and vaccines using living organisms

genetic engineering

manipulating the genes of organisms to make new products

GMOs stands for

genetically modified organisms

bioremediation

Using living organisms to remedy an environmental problem (ex: cleaning oil spills)

majority of microorganism live ______?

free existence and are relatively harmless (often beneficial)

parasites

live on or in the body of another organism (call host) and it damages the hose

pathogens

microbes that do harm (like causing disease)

how many different disease causing microbes (pathogens) are there?

nearly 2,000 (may be more (outdated #))

appx # of new infection a year (worldwide)

10 billion (not including covid)

appx # of deaths a year from infection

12 million (not including covid)

prominent discoveries for microbiology

microscopy, scientific method, development of medical microbiology, microbiology techniques

What is spontaneous generation?

an early belief that some forms of life can arise from vital forces i nonliving (or decomposing) matter

Louis Pasteur: what did he do

He disproves spontaneous generation and proved the Theory of Biogenesis, saw microbes caused fermentation and spoilage, and developed pasteurization

What is The Theory of Biogenesis

the idea that living things can only come from other living things

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723): what did he do

was a Dutch linen merchant that first observed living microbes using a single lens (magnified 300x)

aseptic technique

method used to make the environment, the worker, and the patient as germ-free as possible

Dr Oliver Wendell Homes: what did he do

saw mothers with home birth had few infections than those that birthed in hospitals

Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis: what did he do

he correlated infections with physicians coming from the autopsy room to the maternity ward

Joseph Lister: what did he do

introduced aseptic techniques to reduce infections in medical settings

what did Joseph Lister's aseptic techniques include

disinfection of hands with chemical before surgery and using heat for sterilization

The Germ Theory of Disease

many diseases are caused by microbes (rather than by sins, character, or poverty)

Major contributors to The Germ Theory of Disease

Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch

Robert Koch: what did he do

established Koch's postulates, identified causes of anthrax and tuberculosis and cholerae, developed pure culture methods (using agar plate to create culture)

What Koch's postulates?

series of steps that proves the germ theory

scientific method

1. form hypothesis

2. (lengthy) experiment

3. publish results

Theory

a hypothesis supported by growing body of evidence

Law or Principal

a theory that is so compelling the next level of confidence is reached

taxonomy

organizing, classifying, and naming living things

Carl Von Linne

formal system of naming was originated by him

levels of classification (least specific to most specific)

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

how to assign a specific name

use capital genus and then lowercase species; both should be italicized or underline

phylogeny

natural relatedness between groups of organisms (like humans to chimps)

evolution

all new species originate from a preexisting species

why do closely related species have similar features.

because they evolved from common ancestors

three domains of life are

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

bacteria

are true bacteria

archaea

odd bacteria that live in extreme environments, high salt, heat, etc.

eukarya

have a nucleus and organelles

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya all came from...

the same ancestral line

magnification on microscope

allow objects to be enlarged via light waves and curvature of a lens

resolving power on microscope

ability to show detail

objective lens forms a magnified ______

real image

ocular magnifies the image again to form _________

virtual image (what is seen in the microscope)

total magnification

objective power x ocular power

resolution

the capacity to distinguish or separate two adjacent objects

matter

all materials that occupy space and have a mass

element

pure substance (can't reduce)

some important elements of life

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, calcium

ionic bond

transfer e-; strongest

covalent bond

share e-

hydrogen bond

bond between H and an electronegative atom (O, N, or F); weakest

solution

a mixture of one or more substances called solutes dissolved in a solvent

pH and its relation of H

the more H the lower the pH

acid

proton donor (the more H present the stronger the acid)

what's a strong acid found in many humans

hydrochloric acid (HCL)

base

proton acceptor; accepts H and readily forms OH

macromolecules

large compounds assembled from smaller subunits

monomer

a single repeating subunit

polymer

a chain of monomers

What are the 4 biological macromolecules?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

carbohydrates

sugars and polysaccharides (aldehydes and ketones)

lipids

long or complex, hydrophobic, C + H chains

lipids: triglycerides

energy storage

lipids: phospholipid

major cell membrane component (amphipathic)

lipids: steroids

cell membrane component

phospholipids

glycerol with 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group

cholesterol is found where

in phospholipid bilayers to provide structure and rigidity

Proteins functions

support, acts as enzyme, defense (against sickness), transport substances (in blood), and movement.

monomer of proteins

one amino acid (there are 20)

polymer of proteins

many amino acids put together

proteins are sensitive to

pH and temperature

nucleic acids

the monomer of DNA and RNA

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid; ATCG; hereditary material that codes for proteins

RNA

ribonucleic acid; AUCG, many types, have roles in protein synthesis

how to get from DNA to proteins

DNA to (through transcription) mRNA to (through translation) to protein

ATP stands for

adenosine triphophate

ATP function

transfer and store energy in cell

ATP made of

adenosine, 3 phosphate groups, and sugar

how ATP turns to energy

when a phosphate bond of ATP is broken energy is released

appx # of new infection a year (worldwide)

10 billion (not including covid)