Ruling: GMD ( under Jiang Jieshi)

What were Sun's 3 stages of development which Jiang adopted?

- Preliminary stage = overthrow of China's internal and external enemies by the Nationalists

- 'Tutelage' Stage = GMD dominance where people would be taught in political knowledge and values

- Final stage = enlightened people would aid making China a full democracy

impact of these 3 stages of development?

- Jiang claimed that China was in the 2nd stage = GMD claimed a right to govern until it considered China ready for a democracy

- justification for authoritarian control of China

how did Jiang asset his power?

- GMD banned all other political parties

what was Beijing renamed too and impact?

- Beiping = indicate that authority had passed to Nanjing

What reforms did Jiang introduce?

- Civil service modernised = creation of special administrative departments

- improved quality and quantity of education

- Chinese banks were brought under central control of the Bank of China

- Shanghai stock exchange became an international financial market

- urban transport and communication improved --> telecommunications built and railways expanded

- subsidies given to film and fashion in Shanghai

who heavily influenced GMD's reform policies?

- Sung Tzu-wen

how did road building improve?

- By 1949, Nationalist China had around 50,000 miles of road

- May have not been the highest quality but provided China's first serviceable road network

- Burma Road was most impressive achievement

what was so impressive about the Burma Road?

- 200,000 Chinese workers hacking their way through the jungle

- 700,000 mile passage across the jungle

how did telecommunications improve?

- in 1930s GMD established control of telephone and telegraph system, previously owned by foreign companies

limitations to telecommunications improvement?

- telephone system restricted = mostly in major cities and only 1 in 500 people had a phone

What was one of Sung's major initiatives?

- establishment of China Development Finance Corporation (CDFC) in 1934

What was the aim of the CDFC?

- raise capital from within China from enterprises prepared to invest in mining and industry

success of CDFC?

- Corporation grew quickly and became China's main institution as a dealer and broker in foreign investment and exchange

drawback of CDFC?

- little of the huge amounts of money made entered back into the Chinese economy

why was the banking in China limited?

- corruption

- hyperinflation

- Jiang's close ties to the underworld

how was Inflation during this time?

extremely high =

intially due to Japanese occupation

what was the cost of maintaining an army of 5 million troops|?

80% of government expenditure

when did inflation become hyperinflation

1945

how did Jiang deal with foreign concessions?

- efforts made to make Chinse legal system within these concessions more central

- foreign companies had to pay higher export and import duties

how was Jiang's attempts to deal with the West limited?

- not in a position to physically remove the west

- reliance on foreigners (especially for financial matters)

How did the West influence nationalist China?

- Jiang forged close links with Nazi Germany to modernise army

- Jiang's secret police = blue shirts = similar to Gestapo

who was central in developing the blue shirts? WHAT was he known as?

Dai Li = Chinese Himmler

what was Jiang's secret police called?

blue shirts

what did Dai Li set up?

Investigation and Statistical Bureau = security organisation

what was the social composition of the GMD under Jiang?

- elitist party = had a lot of merchants and businessmen

impact of the GMD's social composition?

- little attention paid to the living standards of the peasantry in China

Examples of failure to alleviate poverty?

- Yellow River Flooding

- Failing to implement = ending of landlord control , extension of property rights for peasants , protection of peasants from excessive rent

when did the Yellow River Flood and why?

- 1938

- intentionally caused = dikes at Gaungzhou lowered in order to "slow" Japanese expansion

impact of Yellow River flood?

some 800,000 people drowned

regional limitations to GMD control?

- warlords still had power in some provinces