Chapter 9: Gendered Oppression

Patriarch/Property marriage

A model of marriage in which women and children are owned by men. They are property of men like land, animals and slaves

Breadwinner/homemaker marriage

A model of marriage that involves a wage earning spouse supporting a stay at home spouse and children

Family wage

An income paid to a man that is large enough to support a non working wife and children

Ideology of Separate Spheres

The idea that the home is a feminine space best tended by women and work is a masculine space best suited to men

Heteronormative

Promoting heterosexuality as the only or preferred sexual identity making other sexual desires invisible or casting them as inferior

Monormative

Promoting monogamy or the requirement that spouses have sexual relations only with each other

Pro natal

Promoting childbearing and stigmatizing choosing to go child free

Partnership unions

A relationship model based on love and companionship between equals

Sexism

The production of unjust outcomes for people perceived to be biologically female

Andorcentrism

The production of unjust outcomes for people who perform femininity

subordinated masculinities

Men who are seen as lesser based on the androcentric logic that masculine is better than feminine

marginalized masculinities

Men who are perceived to be sufficiently masculine but are considered lesser by virtue of another social identity

hegemonic masculinity

The form of masculinity that constitutes the most widely admired and rewarded kind of person in any given culture (CEO's quarterbacks, action heroes.)

Second Shift

The unpaid work of housekeeping and childcare that faces family members once they return home from their paid jobs

Time use diary

A research method in which participants are asked to self report their activities at regular intervals over at least 24 hours

Ideal worker norm

The idea that an employee should devote themselves to their jobs wholly and without the distraction of family responsibility

greedy institutions

Ones that take up a greed deal of time and energy (jobs, housework)

Shared division of labor

One in which both partners do an equal share of paid and unpaid work

Specialized division of labor

An arrangement on which one partner does more paid work than childcare and housework and the other does the inverse

ideology of intensive motherhood

The idea that children require concentrated maternal investment (mothers should spend most of their time with children).

Mommy track

a workplace euphemism that refers to expecting less from mothers, with the understanding that they are sacrificing the right to expect equal pay, regular raises, or promotions even against their protestation

feminization of poverty

A concentration of women, trans women, and gay, bisexuals', and gender nonconforming men at the bottom of the income scale and concertation of gender conforming heterosexuals, cisgender men at the top

glass escalator

an invisible ride to the top offered to men in female-dominated occupations

job segregation

The sorting of people with different social identities into separate occupations

Androcentric pay scale

A positive correlation between the number of men in an occupation relative to women and the wages paid to employees

Carework

Work that involves face to face caretaking of the physical, emotional, and educational needs of others

Male flight

A phenomenon in which men start abandoning an activity when women start adoption it

Stalled revolution

a sweeping change in gender relations that started but has yet to be fully realized

Freedom power paradox

A situation where by women have more freedom than men but less power and men have more power than women but less freedom

domestic outsourcing

paying non-family members to do family-related tasks (nannies, housekeepers, ordering takeout)

Global care chain

A series of nurturing relationships in which the international work care is displaced onto increasingly disadvantaged paid or unpaid work (housekeeper, nannies)