secularisation

religious affiliation

identifying with or belonging to religion

rationalisation

weber - process by which rational ways of thinking and acting come to replace religious ones

disenchantment

weber - process by which the world becomes less mysterious, magical or spiritual and more explained through science, logic and rational thinking

technological world view

weber/Bruce - scientific and technological explanation of events

structural differentiation

parsons - process of specialisation that occurs with the development of industrial society

disengagement

parsons - a detach from religion

privatisation

bruce - confined to the private sphere of the home and family

how is rationalisation evidence for secularisation

process undermine the religious overview and replace it with rational scientific ones

how is disenchantment evidence for secularisation

events were no longer explained as work of unpredictable supernatural force but as predictable working of natural force

how is technological world view evidence for secularisation

reduces the scope of religious explanations. events can be explained by the technological ‘fate’

how is structural differentiation evidence for secularisation

specialised institutions develop to carry out functions that were previously performed by a single institution

how is disengagement evidence for secularisation

functions are transfered to their institutions such as the state - churches once had education

how is privatisation evidence for secularisation

religious beliefs are a matter of personal choice now, traditional rituals and symbols meaning, state and religion and sperate

industrialisation

bruce - undermining the consesnsus of religious belefis - holding small communities

cultural defence

bruce - religion provides a focal point for the defence national, ethnic, group or identity

cultural transition

bruce - religion provides support and sense of community for ethnic group

how is industrialisation evidence of secularisation

social and geographical mobility

large, loose knit urban communities have diverse beliefs and values

how is cultural defences evidence

popularity of Catholicism in Poland before fall in communism

how is cultural transition evidence for secularisation

immigration into the uk by irish, Muslim, Hindu African Caribbean

limitations to rationalisation

religion co-exists with rationality

people use scientific reasoning in daily life and continue religious or spiritual practice

limitations to disenchantment

new age movements are becoming more popular to take part in and practice meaning that there is less space for science and rational thinking

limitations to technological world view

many people still adopt supernatural explanations even in high tech society

limitations to cultural differentiation

religious organisations still influence public life- faith schools

limitations to disengagement

civil religion shows religion remains socially integrated

limitations to privatisation

some families are still heavily influenced and heavily religious and are still proceeding to pass on beliefs to the younger generation

limitations to industrialisation

religious growth is not declining in some newly industrialised countries

limitations to cultural defence

cultral defence is often used as a symbol, not a belief system

limitations to cultural transition

not all migrant groups become more religious, some migrant communities display secularisation not religious revival

give stats as to why we are not secular globally

74% of Americans believe in god

84% of the world report they are affiliated to a religious group

why are we not secular nationally

young people are making choices in a different way that the older generations

Hinduism has grown 4x since the 90s

people in the past may have self reported as religious as a convention not a truth (un reliable in the past) - todays studies are more accurate

give reasons why religion is changing not declining

there is an increase in online religion - globalisation

decline in metanarratives

heeland

online religion - religious organisations use the internet to address members and potential converters

meyer

religion is less tied o a singular space - reterrorialised - blurred boundary between a religion and specific countries

how has globalisation led to religion changing not declining

the increase of interconnectedness of the world - communication, internet, migration have led to the spread of ideas

how has a decline in metanarratives led to a change in religion and not a decline

big stories to explain everything no longer dominate the truth - people practice a range of belief for exampled some Christian may practice crystal healing

davie

argues that in todays modern society we are seeing a major change in religion, away from obligation and towards consumption and choice

harvieu-leger

continues the theme of personal choice an the decline in obligation - she argues that there has been a mejor decline in instutional religon in europe with fewer people attending church in mos countires

lyon

agrees with davie that believing without belonging is incredibly popular - he argues that traditional religion is giving way to variety of new religious forms

heelas and woodhead

investigate how far traditional religion has declined and if so how much growth of spiritual compensation for this

religious market theory

stark and bainbridge

stark and bainbridge

the idea that secularisation is a cycle

competition between churches - improvement in the religion offered - attract more customers

who criticises religious market theory

bruce

norris and inggleheart

beckford

how does bruce criticise stark and Bainbridge market theory

believe that stat show increase in diversity and competition has happened at the same time as decline

why did religious practices increase during covid

people had more free time to practice and consider life’s ultimate questions

people had more fear